Bio page 2 study guide (better flashcards)

What are the main synapomorphies of primates?

Grasping hands/feet with opposable digits, nails instead of claws, forward-facing eyes (binocular vision), large brains, increased parental care.

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, and sensation.

What is squamous epithelium?

Flat, thin cells specialized for diffusion.

What is cuboidal epithelium?

Cube-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption.

What is columnar epithelium?

Tall cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

What is simple epithelium?

A single layer of cells.

What is stratified epithelium?

Multiple layers of cells for protection.

Define omnivore.

An organism that eats both plants and animals.

Define carnivore.

An organism that primarily eats animals.

Define herbivore.

An organism that primarily eats plants.

What is the function of the digestive system?

Break down food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste.

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A digestive system with a single opening for ingestion and elimination.

What is an alimentary canal?

A complete digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus).

What is a monogastric digestive system?

A single-chambered stomach found in humans and pigs.

What animals have a monogastric system?

Humans, pigs, and many omnivores/carnivores.

What is a two-chambered digestive system?

A stomach with two compartments.

What animals have a two-chambered digestive system?

Some birds and fish.

What is a four-chambered digestive system?

A stomach with four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum).

What animals have a four-chambered digestive system?

Ruminants such as cows, sheep, and deer.

What are the main steps of digestion?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination.

Where does ingestion occur?

Mouth.

Where does mechanical and initial chemical digestion occur?

Mouth.

Where does protein digestion primarily occur?

Stomach.

Where does most chemical digestion occur?

Small intestine.

Where does most absorption occur?

Small intestine.

Where does elimination occur?

Large intestine and anus.

What enzyme digests carbohydrates in the mouth?

Salivary amylase.

What enzyme digests carbohydrates in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylase and maltase.

What enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

Pepsin.

What enzyme digests proteins in the small intestine?

Trypsin and other proteases.

What enzyme digests lipids?

Lipase.

Where are lipids primarily digested?

Small intestine.

Define bolus.

Chewed food mixed with saliva.

Define chyme.

Semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food in the stomach.

Define pepsin.

A protein-digesting enzyme active in the stomach.

Define pepsinogen.

The inactive precursor of pepsin.

Define peristalsis.

Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Define bile.

A substance that emulsifies fats to aid digestion.

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transports food to the stomach via peristalsis.

What is the function of the stomach?

Stores food and begins protein digestion.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

What is the function of the small intestine?

Completes digestion and absorbs nutrients.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorbs water and forms feces.

What is the function of microvilli?

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

How does gas exchange occur?

Diffusion across thin respiratory membranes.

What respiratory organ do fish use?

Gills.

What respiratory organ do mammals use?

Lungs.

What respiratory organ do insects use?

Tracheal system.

What respiratory surfaces do amphibians use?

Skin and lungs.

What type of epithelial tissue lines the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which lung is larger?

Right lung.

Why is the left lung smaller?

To accommodate the heart.

What tissue forms the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage.

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Alveoli.

Define surfactant.

A substance that reduces surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse.

Define mucin.

A glycoprotein in mucus that traps particles and pathogens.

What is the function of the parietal pleura?

Lines the chest wall.

What is the function of the visceral pleura?

Covers the lungs.

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

Converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate for transport.

Which binds more strongly to hemoglobin?

Carbon monoxide.

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

What is an open circulatory system?

Blood is not confined to vessels and bathes organs directly.

What is a closed circulatory system?

Blood is confined within vessels.

Define artery.

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

Define capillary.

A small vessel where exchange of gases and nutrients occurs.

Define vein.

A vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

What is plasma?

The liquid component of blood that carries dissolved substances.

What are red blood cells?

Cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin.

What are white blood cells?

Cells involved in immune defense.

What are platelets?

Cell fragments that function in blood clotting.

What is single circulation?

Blood passes through the heart once per cycle (e.g., fish).

What is double circulation?

Blood passes through the heart twice per cycle (e.g., mammals).

What is the function of the atria?

Receive blood returning to the heart.

What is the function of the ventricles?

Pump blood out of the heart.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Circulation between the heart and lungs.

What is systemic circulation?

Circulation between the heart and the rest of the body.

What is the function of the aorta?

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

Returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

Prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

What is the function of the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

Prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

What is the function of the aortic valve?

Prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle.

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

Prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.