AP PSYCH unit 3 development and learning

What is the definition of development in psychology?

Development refers to the psychological changes and growth that occur throughout a person's lifespan.

What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

Piaget's stages include Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

What is attachment theory?

Attachment theory explains the bonds between children and caregivers and its impact on development.

What is the significance of secure attachment?

Secure attachment leads to healthier social relationships and emotional regulation later in life.

What is the focus of Erikson's psychosocial development theory?

Erikson's theory emphasizes eight stages of psychosocial conflicts that shape personality.

What is a critical period in development?

A critical period is a specific time frame during which certain skills or characteristics must develop.

What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which behaviors are modified by consequences.

What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is a learning process that creates associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Who is known for the concept of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning.

What is a reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement is any consequence that enhances the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.

What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?

Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation comes from within, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards.

What is observational learning?

Observational learning occurs when individuals learn behaviors by watching and imitating others.

What is the significance of Bandura's Bobo doll study?

Bandura's study demonstrated that children can learn aggressive behaviors through observation.

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?

CBT is a therapeutic approach that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.

What are the major aspects of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interaction and cultural context in development.

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

ZPD is the range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not independently.

What role do schemas play in cognitive development?

Schemas are mental frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information.

What is the concept of metacognition?

Metacognition refers to awareness and control of one's own cognitive processes.

What is reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement schedules are rules that determine when and how reinforcement is delivered.

What are the primary attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Secure, avoidant, and ambivalent are the primary attachment styles identified.

How does habituation affect learning?

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, facilitating learning.

What are sensitive periods in development?

Sensitive periods are times in development when individuals are more receptive to learning certain skills.

What is constructivist learning?

Constructivist learning is an approach where learners build their own understanding and knowledge.

What does the term 'lifespan development' refer to?

Lifespan development studies how people change and grow from infancy to old age.

What is the role of temperament in child development?

Temperament is the innate characteristic that influences how children react to their environment.

What are the four styles of parenting identified by Baumrind?

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful are Baumrind's four parenting styles.

What is the social learning theory?

Social learning theory suggests that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling.

What is the purpose of the Strange Situation experiment?

The Strange Situation assesses attachment styles in infants and children through observation.

What is the significance of early childhood education?

Early childhood education is crucial for cognitive and social development in young children.

What is the role of play in child development?

Play facilitates cognitive, social, and emotional growth in children.

What is the difference between fixed and growth mindset?

A fixed mindset believes intelligence is static, while a growth mindset believes in the capacity for development.

What is self-regulation?

Self-regulation is the ability to manage one’s emotions and behaviors in different situations.

What is the role of peers in adolescent development?

Peers play a critical role in influencing social skills, identity, and behavior during adolescence.

What is scaffolding in education?

Scaffolding is the support given to learners that is tailored to their needs to help them achieve understanding.

What does emotional intelligence entail?

Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions.

What is the psychologists' view of adolescence?

Adolescence is seen as a key developmental period marked by identity exploration and social challenges.

How does culture influence development?

Culture shapes values, behaviors, and expectations that influence individuals' development.

What is seriation in cognitive development?

Seriation is the ability to arrange objects in a series according to a property, such as size.

What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?

Kohlberg's stages include Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional morality.

What are the primary concerns during middle adulthood?

Middle adulthood often involves concerns about generativity and stagnation in personal achievements.

What is the psychological impact of aging?

Aging can bring challenges such as cognitive decline, social isolation, and changes in self-esteem.

What is moral development focused on?

Moral development studies how individuals develop concepts of right and wrong across their lifespan.

What is the process of reinforcement in learning?

Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by rewarding it following the behavior.

What key concept did Lev Vygotsky introduce regarding learning?

Vygotsky introduced the idea that social interaction is fundamental to cognitive development.

What is behavioral therapy?

Behavioral therapy is a form of treatment that focuses on modifying maladaptive behaviors.

What is meta-emotion?

Meta-emotion refers to feelings about one's own emotions and how those are handled.

What are primary and secondary emotions?

Primary emotions are basic and universal (like joy or sadness), whereas secondary emotions are more complex.

What is the impact of childhood trauma on development?

Childhood trauma can have long-lasting effects on emotional and psychological development.

What is the role of experiences in shaping development?

Experiences influence behavior, learning, and emotional health, shaping individual development.

What is resilience in the context of development?

Resilience is the ability to adapt and thrive despite adverse conditions or stress.

What are cultural variations in child-rearing practices?

Cultural variations reflect different values and beliefs shaping parenting approaches.

What is empathy and its developmental significance?

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, crucial for social development.

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

Critical periods are rigid time frames for development, while sensitive periods allow for more flexibility.