monroe doctrine quiz

impressment

forcing people into military against their will; one of the causes of the war of 1812, british was guilty of doing this to US citizens

chesapeake incident

the leopard (british ship) asked the us citizens on the chesapeake to search their ship because they believed they were hiding british deserters (although they were originally from the US), and when they refused they attacked and arrested four men

war of 1812

war between the british and us; resulted from the search and seizure of north american vessels by the french and british navies (when they were at war, although the us was attempting to remain neutral), the impressment of us sailors by the british, and a desire for land in the american midwest; in US, support for the war increased as you went more south, but in britain, all attention was on napoleon and lord liverpool had tried to stop the search & seizure, yet madison had already signed the declaration of war

tecumseh

wanted to avenge his brother’s death by joining the british side of the war; opposed the americans colonizing the native american lands and expanding their territory

treaty of ghent

agreement that ended the War of 1812, restoring relations between the US and Britain without territorial changes

alfred t. mahan

naval delegate from america that attended the hague peace conference and claimed that arbitration with european powers would lead to a conflict in the monroe doctrine because he believed that it weakens the us’s authority over the western hemisphere and ensuring that foreign powers don’t get involved, and especially wanted to maintain naval authority in the western hemisphere

seward, as secretary of state

negotiated the purchase of alaska, which was “folly” at first but ended up preventing russia from coming towards the americas; was assigned to foreign policy, and he sent a memo to lincoln complaining that the government lacked a domestic & foreign policy, that he change the thrust of the war from slavery to preserving the union, and demand explanation from european countries about supporting the confederacy and threatening war; he wanted to create a crisis that eventually restored unity with the confederates; envisioned the expansion of the us to include all of the americas, including the carribean; worked tirelessly to compromise with the southern states and keep them within the us as much as possible

mercantilism

colonies were expected to provide raw materials to the mother country, who would then process those materials into finished goods and sell them back to the colonies

laissez-faire

government takes a minimal role in the economy, allows it prosper with a “free market” and a belief that it would naturally produce the best outcome

long depression

occurred after jay cooke, an important philadelphia banking firm, collapsed in september and the subsequent panic led to bank failures, or the panic of 1873

infrastructure

infrastructure networks multiplied throughout the land after the US emerged from the period of the long depression

vertical integration

a number of steps in the production of a single product are owned or controlled by a single company

horizontal integration

when a single company owns or controls a number of firms in the same stage of a production of a single product

panama congress

meeting called by simon bolivar, was a meeting for former Spanish colonies, Brazil, and the US to discuss a confederation among the new Latin American republics and wished to discuss protection of the hemisphere from outside forces; us was invited but they couldn’t make it because anderson died en route and sergeant arrived after the main meetings were over; US attended for their own benefit, or to object to multierlateral defense plans and dissuade latin american publics from any attempts to free cuba

black legend

propaganda used to demonize the spanish and portugeuse by accusing them of cruelty and intolerance; accompanied by a fear that the rebels would not be able to divorce themselves from that past and that the Americans were in shock at the resultant “mongrel” population that were most often Catholic

olney interpretation

olney, secretary of state to cleveland, stated to the british that the US was “practically sovereign in this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which confines its interposition,” so Britain finally gave in to the arbitration demands

james g. blaine

secretary of state that brought together the first international conference of the american states, believed that arbitration should be used to settle all disputes that diplomacy could not handle (had little support for this); consistent advocate of pan-americanism

pan-americanism

sought for uniform customs, duties, and trade regulations throughout the Americas

roosevelt corollary

declared that the US acted as a “hemispheric politican” by forcing Latin American governments to put their economic houses in order and pay debts to eliminate the need for foreign intervention, but reiterated that European intervention was forbidden; was written in response to Germany and Britain blockading Venezuelan ports and attacking the harbor to collect debts

treaty of velasco

recgonized texan independence; santa ana was forced to sign because he suffered a decisive defeat at san jacinto after originally defeating the texans at the alamo and goliad

moses austin

given the the authority to colonize American settlers

stephen austin

son of moses austin; given the authority to colonize American settlerss

santa ana

texans and mexicans asked for statehood from santa ana, as it would have more autonomy regarding taxes and tarrifs, but his refusal started movements for independence; was driven into exile after the mexican government refused to recognize texas; attempted to restablish power but then sold more land to the us with the gadsden purchase and was exiled

tejanos

descendants of Texas Creoles and Mestizos who settled in Texas before its admission as an American stat

empresarios

entrepreneurs who were contracted by the Mexican government to bring settlers to Texas in the 1800s

sam houston

advocated joining the US; regained power after lamar and pushed for annexation to the US, flirted with the possibility of Texas becoming a British protectorate, and pursued reunification with Mexico on terms favorable to Texas–mainly, he hoped that British and Mexican interest would bait America; fought in the battle of san jacinto

mirabeau lamar

proposed staying independent and advocated Indian expulsion, commercial and diplomatic relations with European powers, and expansion of Texas to the Pacific; his schemes produced debt, inflation, and military disaster; under his rule, Mexican military forces invaded twice

john tyler

set the table with an annexation bill, which only required a simple majority in Congress; feared that a British protectorate in Texas would prevent westward expansion of land and slavery, allowed secret negotiation with Secretary of State, Calhoun, and Texas representatives to produce an annexation treaty; feared that a British protectorate in Texas would prevent westward expansion of land and slavery, allowed secret negotiation with Secretary of State, Calhoun, and Texas representatives to produce an annexation treaty

james k. polk

was inaugurated largely due to his expansionist beliefs, and the Oregon dispute was peacefully resolved when the British accepted the 49th parallel as the border, and the Oregon treaty added Washington and Oregon to the fold; anted to force the Mexicans to fight or negotiate, as the US’s prize was California, so he decided to move into Texas and advance men across the Nueces River and drive to the north bank of the Rio Grande–the Mexicans claimed that Taylor’s advance was disputed land (that belonged to them), so this was officially an act of war; when mexican troops ambushed a us patrol officer, he he stated “American blood had been spilled on American soil,”

benito juarez

Juarez fled to the countryside and initiated a guerilla war, and Seward was unhappy but did nothing to oppose Napoleon or Maximillian because it did not currently serve US interests; After Juarez’s decree to suspend interest payments on government bonds, representatives from Great Britain, France, and Spain met and agreed to dispatch an allied expedition to force Juarez to honor Mexican financial obligations; In Mexico, Juarez besieged Maximilian at Queretaro and forced him to surrender, and then he was condemned by the court and shot on June 19; eventually, Juarez was reelected President of Mexico for two terms and his administration was noted for its reforms

maximillian

Great Britain and Spain withdrew when they learned of the project, yet Maximillian and his wife (without even a definite commitment of French support) and was installed in Mexico City by a French force and given the title of emperor; Maximilian’s control of Mexico was never secure, as he faced a republican-led insurrection from the start and his conflict with the church as well as liberal reform projects lost him the support of the conservatives that were anxious to place him on the throne, and the US refused to recognize the new Mexican Empire and demanded that the French withdraw their army; Since Napoleon was facing mounting opposition to the Mexican Adventure at home, he ordered French troops to withdraw; Maximilian, horrified at the news, sent his wife to France and to the Pope for military aid, but she eventually became mad after realizing that his cause was hopeless 

hague conference

The Russian foreign ministry sent a note to all governments with diplomatic representation at The Hague, Netherlands and proposed a conference to consider the limitation of armaments, which the US was quick to accept but there was little interest in limiting or reducing armaments; however, when the Russians added improvements in the laws of war and arbitration, American officials became more interested and Secretary of State John Hay instructed American delegates to work for agreement and to present a plan for a permanent international tribunal similar to the Supreme Court of the US

open door policy

called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity

good neighbor policy

declaring that the Doctrine did not justify US intervention in Latin American domestic affairs, and Roosevelt withdrew American forces from Central and Caribbean to show the “Good Neighbor policy” 

Which of the 5 caudillos were liberal? Conservative? Why?

portales was conservative; rivadavia was liberal; santa ana was liberal and conservative; de rosas was conservative; carrera was conservative

U.S. attitude toward South America during the 19th century

American diplomats used the Monroe Doctrine to warn the European powers against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere

Andrew Jackson and the Falkland Islands 1832

Andrew Jackson and the US government supported the rights of American sealers to have unrestricted access to the waters and harbors of the Falkland Islands without rule over them

Texas and the Mexican War 1835-1845

The U.S. officially annexes Texas, though Mexico still does not recognize its independence or annexation

Maximillian and Mexico 1863-1867

Maximilian, an Austrian Archduke, was briefly the Emperor of Mexico, installed by the French Empire under Napoleon III, following a military intervention in Mexico where they aimed to establish a puppet regime against the liberal government of Benito Juárez

US and Brazil in 1893

When a revolt broke out in Brazil, the government that was threatened by the uprising signed a trade agreement with the US, which led to flourishing trade; US was concerned because it was rumored that Britain supported the rebels, so President Cleveland ordered the US Navy to protect American shippers loading and unloading at Brazilian ports, and Brazil was content because the Brazilian government received most of its revenue from imports and exports

Venezuela and Great Britain in 1895

The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Essequibo, which Britain believed was part of British Guiana and Venezuela recognized as its own Guayana Esequiba; newly appointed U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney sent a strongly-worded note to British Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury, demanding that the British submit the boundary dispute to arbitration

What actions were taken to keep communism out of the Western Hemisphere during the Cold War?

providing economic and military aid to Latin American countries, actively supporting anti-communist regimes, and intervening militarily in cases where communist movements seemed to be gaining significant power, most notably in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime

What characterized the relations of the US towards South America for most of the nineteenth century? How did that change?

For most of the 19th century, the US's relationship with South America was primarily characterized by the "Monroe Doctrine," which aimed to prevent European powers from further colonizing the Western Hemisphere, essentially establishing the US as a guardian against European interference, while largely avoiding direct involvement in South American affairs; however, this changed significantly towards the end of the century with a more assertive and interventionist approach, often referred to as the "Roosevelt Corollary," allowing the US to directly intervene in Latin American countries to protect its economic interests and maintain