Infor Chem Test Deux

Energy

The ability to perform work or produce heat.

Elementary substances

Contain atoms of a single element (e.g., Mg).

Chemical compounds

Contain atoms of two or more elements bound together by chemical forces (e.g., MgS).

Mixtures

Contain more than one element or compound in no fixed ratio, not chemically bonded, and can be separated by physical methods.

Homogeneous mixture

Particles are evenly distributed (e.g., air).

Heterogeneous mixture

Not evenly distributed and contains distinct components (e.g., natural milk).

Filtration

A technique to separate large particles from a liquid mixture using filter paper.

Distillation

Separation technique for miscible liquids with different boiling points.

Paper chromatography

Technique used to separate substances based on their solubility and interaction with paper.

Crystallisation

Process where dissolved particles reform into a solid upon changes in conditions.

Dissolution

Process in which a solute dissolves in a solvent, forming a uniform solution.

Solid

State of matter with fixed volume and shape; particles are strongly attracted and do not move around.

Liquid

State of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape; particles are weaker and able to flow.

Gas

State of matter with no fixed volume or shape; particles can be compressed and move freely.

Endothermic process

Energy is absorbed when a substance changes from a more condensed to a less condensed state.

Exothermic process

Energy is released when a substance changes from a less condensed to a more condensed state.

Temperature

Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

Absolute zero

Theoretically, the lowest possible temperature where particles cannot transfer kinetic energy (0 K or -273.15°C).

Kinetic energy

The energy of particles in motion, which increases with temperature.

Boiling point

Temperature at which a liquid boils, where energy is used to overcome intermolecular forces.

0 degrees Celsius

Equivalent to 273.15 K.