Water Soluble Vitamins

Macromineral

Essential minerals needed in larger amounts in the diet, such as calcium and magnesium.

Trace Mineral

Essential minerals required in very small amounts in the diet, such as iron and zinc.

Function of Calcium

Neurotransmitter release and cell signaling; it is also a component of bone.

Function of Iron

Oxygen transport in the body.

Consequence of Calcium Deficiency

Rickets and osteomalacia.

Consequence of Iron Deficiency

Microcytic Hypochromic anemia.

Vitamin C

An antioxidant involved in collagen synthesis and iron absorption; sources include citrus fruits and broccoli.

Function of Vitamin A

Involved in vision, cell differentiation, immunity, and reproduction.

Consequence of Vitamin C Deficiency

Scurvy, which includes symptoms like bleeding gums and broken capillaries.

Excess of Vitamin A

Can lead to rash, headache, nausea, vomiting, and teratogenicity.

Function of Magnesium

Involved in processes involving ATP use and is a component of enzymes.

Function of Zinc

Important for protein synthesis and serves as a component of several enzymes.

Consequence of Excess Sodium

Can lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Function of Selenium

Acts as an antioxidant and is essential for selenocysteine synthesis.

Consequence of Iodine Deficiency

Can cause goiter and hypothyroidism.

Function of Niacin (B3)

Involved in energy production and metabolism.

Consequence of Niacin Deficiency

Known as the 4 Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.

Consequence of Excess Vitamin D

Can cause kidney stones and vessel calcification.

Consequence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological symptoms.

Function of Potassium

Involved in nerve conduction and fluid balance.

Outcome of Manganese Deficiency

Can cause impaired wound healing and skeletal malformations.

Function of Vitamin E

Acts as an antioxidant, protecting lipids from oxidation.

Essential function of Fluoride

Involved in bone and teeth maintenance.

Consequence of Excess Zinc

Can lead to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Source of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Found in large amounts in pork and in smaller amounts in various nutritious foods.

Function of Folate (B9)

Supports neural development and red blood cell formation.

B1 (Thiamin)

Essential for metabolism and energy production; deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms such as dry beriberi.