Water Soluble Vitamins


  • Macromineral

    Function

    Sodium

    Nerve conduction and fluid balance

    Potassium

    Nerve conduction and fluid balance

    Chloride

    Fluid balance and gastric acid component

    Calcium

    Neurotransmitter release and cell signaling; component of bone

    Phosphorus

    Acid/base balance; component of bone, ATP, nucleotides

    Magnesium

    Involved in all process involving ATP use; component of enzymes

    Sulfur

    Component of organic molecules essential to protein synthesis


Trace Mineral

Function

Iron

Oxygen transport

Copper

Component of several enzymes (bilirubin oxidase)

Zinc

Protein synthesis, component of several enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase)

Iodine

Component of thyroid hormone

Selenium

Antioxidant, essential for selenocysteine synthesis

Manganese

Component of several enzymes (mitochondrial SOD)

Fluoride

Involved in bone and teeth maintenance

Chromium

Essential to metabolism of fats and carbohydrates

Molybdenum

Component of several enzymes (xanthine oxidase)


  • Macronutrient

    Consequence of Deficiency

    Consequence of Excess

    Calcium (Ca)

    Ricks and osteomalacia

    Kidney stones

    Magnesium (Mg)

    Seen in alcoholics

    Tremor, nystagmus, seizures

    Diarrhea, nausea, hypotension, muscle weakness, confusion

    Iron

    Microcytic Hypochromic anemia

     fatigue, joint pain, skin darkening

    Potassium

    Muscle weakness, cramping, respiratory failure

    Life threatening arrhythmias

    Sodium (Na)

    Fatigue, headaches, confusion, seizures

    Hypertension and cardiovascular disease


  • Trace mineral

    Consequence of deficiency

    Consequence of excess

    Iron (Fe)

    Iron deficiency anemia

    Joint pain, abdominal pain, diabetes

    Copper (Cu)

    Neuropathy, fatigue, abdominal pain

    Vomiting, blood in vomit (hematemesis), blood in stool (melena)

    Zinc (Zn)

    Impaired wound healing & immune function, alopecia,

    Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

    Iodine (I)

    Goiter, hypothyroidism

    Healthy Patient: hypothyroidism

    Patient w/ Disease Thyroid: hyperthyroidism

    Selenium (Se)

    Hypothyroidism, cardiomyopathy

    "garlic" breath

    Manganese (Mn)

    Impaired would healing, skeletal malformations (bowlegged, knock-kneed)

    Manganism: tremors, difficulty walking, facial muscle spasms

    Fluoride (F)

    Dental cavities

    Bone weakness, increased susceptibility to fractures

    Chromium (Cr)

    Confusion, impaired coordination, impaired glucose tolerance

    Damage of DNA due to free radical formation

    Molybdenum (Mo)

    Not well established

    Not well established


  • Vitamin

    Function

    Source

    C

    Antioxidant, collagen synthesis, absorption of iron, antihistamine

    Citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes

    Thiamin (B1)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Large amount in pork but in all nutritious foods in small amounts

    Riboflavin (B2)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Milk, enriched grains, green veggies, meats

    Niacin (B3)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched grains, mushrooms

    Pantothenic Acid (B5)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Everywhere

    Pyridoxine (B6)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Meat, poultry, fish, potatoes, fruits

    Biotin (B7)

    Metabolism: energy production and digestion

    Everywhere

    Folare (B9)

    Neural development, RBC formation

    Liver, legumes, enriched grains, veggies, fruits

    Cobalamin (B12)

    Blood RBC development, CNS maintenance

    Microorganisms, meat, dairy products


  • Vitamin

    Consequences of deficiency

    Consequences of excess

    RDI

    C

    Scurvy, bleeding gums, broken capillaries, pinpoint hemorrhages

    Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

    90mg

    B1

    Dry Berberi (neurologic)

    • Stocking glove neuropathy

    Wet Beriberi (cardiac)

    • Cardiomyopathy, heart failure

    Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

    N/A

    1.2mg

    B3

    4Ds of pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

    N/A

    16mg

    B6

    N/A

    Numb feet, loss of sensation in the hand, inability to walk

    1.3mg

    B9

    Megaloblastic anemia

    N/A

    .4mg

    B12

    Megaloblastic anemia and neurological symptoms

    N/A

    2.4mcg


  • Vitamin

    Main Functions

    Deficiency

    Excess/Toxicity

    Vitamin A

    Vision (component of rhodopsin), cell differentiation, epithelial maintenance, immunity, reproduction, growth, fetal development.

    Night blindness (early sign), xerosis, xerophthalmia, drying/scaling skin, increased susceptibility to infection.

    Rash, headache, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, blurry vision, hair loss, dry skin, hepatotoxicity, intracranial hypertension, osteoporosis/fractures, teratogenicity.

    Vitamin D

    Calcium and phosphate absorption; calcium homeostasis.

    Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.

    Kidney stones and vessel calcification.

    Vitamin E

    Antioxidant; protects lipids from oxidation; protects lungs from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

    Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes; impaired movement, vision, and speech; associated with retinopathy of prematurity.

    Muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea; very high doses may cause hemorrhage by interfering with vitamin K.

    Vitamin K

    Cofactor for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and proteins C and S; essential for hemostasis.

    Clotting defects.

    No significant toxicity established; no adverse effects reported from food or supplements.


  • B1

    Thiamin

    B2

    Riboflavin

    B3

    Niacin

    B5

    Pantothenic Acid

    B6

    Pyridoxine

    B7

    Biotin

    B9

    Folate

    B12

    Cobalamin