Appendicular Skeleton

Acromion

enlarged end of the spine of the scapula; connects with the clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

called the collarbone

pectoral girdle

- helps prevent shoulder dislocation
- attaches medially at the manubrium and laterally at the scapula
- shoulder blades
- triangular; "wings" because they flare out when we move arms posteriorly

coracoid process

break-like; points over the top of the shoulder and anchors some of the muscles of the arm

Suprascapular notch

just medial to coracoid process; nerve

glenoid cavity

in the lateral angle; shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone.

Anatomical neck of humerus

immediately inferior to proximal head; slight constriction

Greater & lesser tubercles

anterolateral to head; sites of muscle attachment
- separated by the intertubercular sulcus

surgical neck

just distal to tubercles; most frequently fractured area of the humerus

deltoid tuberosity

roughed area on the midpoint of shaft;l deltoid attaches

radial groove

runs obliquely down posterior of shaft; radial nerve fits here

trochlea

spool-like at the medial-distal end; articulates with bones of the forearm
- allow processes of the ulna to move freely
- Flanked by medial & lateral epicondyles

Capitulum

ball-like at the lateral-distal end; articulated with bones of the forearm

radius (arm)

Disc-shaped head forms joint with the capitulum of the humerus

radius

lateral bone that articulates proximally and distally with the ulna at the radioulnar joints

interosseous membrane

the radius is connected along the length with the ulna with flexible ____________

styloid process

distal end of the radius

radial tuberosity

just below the head of the radius; bicep muscle attaches

coronoid process

at the proximal end; grip the trochlea of the numerous ina pliers-like grip

irregular

what type of bones are the carpal bones?

pelvic girdle

Formed by 2 coxal bones (a.k.a ossa coxae or the hip bones) and the sacrum

the bony pelvis

The pelvic girdle + the coccyx= ?

the pelvic girdle

-bones are large and heavy; securely attached to axial skeleton by the sacral attachment to the lowest lumbar vertebra
- thigh bones securely attached to this girdle by deep sockets and reinforced by ligament
- Most important job: bears weight of upper body

ilium

large & flaring; connected posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

alae

wing-like portion (when you rest your hands on your hips)

iliac crest

upper edge of an ala; important landmark for intermuscular injections

ilium, ischium, pubis

hip bones are the fusion of what bones?

ishium

forms most inferior part of coxal bone; "sit down bone"

Ischial tuberosity

roughened area that receives body weight when sitting

ischial spine

superior to tuberosity; important landmark (narrows outlet through pelvis through which the baby passes)

Greater sciatic notch

allows blood vessels and sciatic nerve to pass posteriorly to thigh

pubis

most anterior portion of coxal bone

Obturator foramen

allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to the anterior part of thigh

Pubic symphysis

fusion of both pubic bones, forming this cartilaginous joint

Acetabulum

Deep socket that is the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis - holds the head of the femur

false pelvis

medial to flaring ilia

true pelvis

inferior to flaring ilia; surrounded by bone

- inlet is larger & more circular
- shallower because the bones are lighter and thinner
- ilia flare more laterally
- sacrum is shorter & less curved
- ischial spines are shorter and father apart (larger outlet)
- pubic arch is more rounded

ways hip bones are different on females:

foot

supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel our bodies as we walk or run

tarsus

posterior of foot; 7 tarsal bones

the calcaneus (heelbone) and talus

2 largest foot bones and carry most of the body weight:

metatarsals - 5
phalanges - 14

Metatarsals: sole of the foot; (?) bones
Phalanges: toes; (?) bones

3 arches

how many arches are in the foot bone?

ligaments and tendons

The ________________ and ____________ in the foot help secure the foot bones, but allow a certain amount of give or springiness

fallen arches or flat feet

Weak arches are referred to as ____________ or ____________

joints (articulations)

Sites where 2 or more bones meet

1. Hold bones in place
2. Give rigid skeleton mobility

two functions of joints

functionally and structurally

Two ways joints are classified:

Synarthroses

immovable - Mostly restricted to axial skeleton

Amphiarthroses

slightly movable - Mostly restricted to axial skeleton

Diarthroses

freely movable - Predominate in the limbs

Fibrious

fibrous tissue connects bones - Generally immovable (synarthroses)

Cartilaginous

cartilage connects bones - Generally slightly movable (amphiarthroses)

Synovial

joint cavity connects bones - Generally freely movable (diarthroses)

connective tissue fibers

Irregular edges interlock and are bound by ________________

Syndesmoses

fibers connecting bones are longer than in sutures; more "give" to the joint

- Articular (hyaline) cartilage: covers bone ends
- Joint surfaces enclosed by sleeves of fibrous c.t.
- The articular capsule encloses joint vanity
- The fibrous layer of the capsule is reinforced by ligaments

4 characteristics of synovial joints

synovial fluid

Bones articulate at a joint cavity filled with __________________

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Tendon sheaths

an elongated bursa; wrapped around a tendon subject to friction

dislocation

The bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity

Bursitis

"water on the knee" - inflammation of bursae or synovial membranes in the patellar area

sprain

- Inflammation (or possible tearing) of the ligaments or tendons
- Causes swelling
- Slow to heal because poorly vascularized

arthritis

-Describe over 100 inflammatory or degenerative diseases that affect the joints
-Most widespread crippling disease in the US

pain, stiffness, & swelling of the joints

All forms of arthritis start with:

osteoarthritis

type of arthritis that is most common, occurs in older people, "wear and tear"

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

type of arthritis that is an autoimmune disorder - crepitus (bone crunching)

gouty arthritis (gout)

type of arthritis that has uric acid crystals in the joints of the big toe, can occur because of diet, and is the only one that is not chronic

plane

identify the synovial joint:
- flat articular surfaces
- slipping or gliding motion
- nonaxial

hinge

identify the synovial joint:
- cylindrical end of one bone fits in trough of another
- uniaxial

pivot

identify the synovial joint:
- round end of one bone fits into the sleeve or ring of another bone
- uniaxial

condylar

identify the synovial joint:
- egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into the cavity of another bone
- biaxial (back and forth) NOT ROTATIONAL

saddle

identify the synovial joint:
- each articular surface has a concave and convex portion
- biaxial

ball-and-socket

identify the synovial joint:
- spherical end of one bone fits into round socket of another bone
- multiaxial (most freely moveable joint)

plane

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- intercarpal joints of the wrist

hinge

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- elbow joint
- ankle joint
- joint between phalanges of fingers

pivot

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- proximal radioulnar joint
- joints between atlas and axis

condylar

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- knuckle joints (metacarophalangial joint)

saddle

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- carpometacarpal joint in the thumb

ball and socket

name the synovial joint that fits this example:
- shoulder
- hip (femur)