History finial cards upgraded

George III

King of Britain with delusions of sovereignty; suffered from depression.

Samuel Adams

Leader of the Sons of Liberty; opposed certain taxes.

Patrick Henry

Virginia lawyer and planter; known for his patriotic speeches.

George Washington

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution; first President of the United States.

John Burgoyne

British general involved in the American Revolution; planned an unsuccessful campaign.

George Rogers Clarke

Known as 'Long Knife'; helped win the American Revolution.

Daniel Shays

Revolutionary War veteran who led Shays' Rebellion against the Massachusetts government.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution; executed by radicals (the Jacobins).

Aaron Burr

New York attorney and senator; served as Vice President under Thomas Jefferson.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

French statesman; chief diplomatic advisor to Napoleon.

John Marshall

Secretary of State under John Adams; later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution; inspired slaves to seek freedom.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief and political orator who opposed white expansion.

William Henry Harrison

Former Indiana governor and military officer; 9th President of the United States.

George Grenville

Appointed by George III; negotiated treaties with France.

Charles Townshend

British politician who played a significant role in the American Revolution through his taxation of the American colonies.

Benedict Arnold

Helped capture Fort Ticonderoga; later became known as an American traitor.

Thomas Paine

Published the pamphlet 'Common Sense'.

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Prussian drillmaster who trained the Continental Army.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President and Founding Father; responsible for the Louisiana Purchase; author of the Declaration of Independence.

James Madison

Chief architect of the new Constitution; wrote the Federalist Papers; 4th President.

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of the Treasury; significant figure in U.S. financial policy.

James Monroe

5th President; established the Monroe Doctrine.

Benjamin Franklin

Politician and scientist; Founding Father; delegate to the Continental Congress.

Meriwether Lewis

Private secretary to Jefferson; led the expedition west.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding father, who founded the opposition Federalist party. Led Annapolis convention to replace articles of confederation.

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

Shawnee leader who promoted a cultural revival among Native Americans.

Andrew Jackson

Military leader and 7th President; known for his role in the War of 1812.

William Pitt

British Prime Minister.

John C. Calhoun

Nationalist; introduced legislation to charter the Second Bank of the United States.

Francis Marion

Known as the 'Swamp Fox'; harassed British troops during the war.

Richard Howe

British Admiral; led the invasion of New York but lost.

Charles Cornwallis

British General; surrendered at the Siege of Yorktown.

Edmund Genet

French diplomat; attempted to recruit Americans for war without governmental approval.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin, revolutionizing the cotton industry.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader and Emperor.

Sacajawea

Native American woman who helped Lewis and Clark communicate with tribes and survive.

John Jay

Appointed to negotiate with Spain and was the first Chief Justice.

Francis Scott Key

Prisoner on British Ship who wrote the National Anthem.

Stamp Act (1765)

This was a direct tax on certain goods to raise revenue.

Mercantile Theory

Economic theory that advocates that a nation should export more than it imports; colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.

Direct Tax

Tax imposed to raise revenue rather than regulate trade.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

First armed conflict of the American Revolution; Americans won.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Turning point in the Revolution; American victory prompted French support.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States; weak central government.

Northwest Ordinances

Established a method for admitting new states in the Northwest Territory.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring the 13 colonies free from British rule.

Battle of Trenton

Washington's surprise victory against Hessian forces on Christmas night.

Olive Branch Petition

Final attempt by the colonists to avoid war with Britain.

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court's power to invalidate laws that violate the Constitution.

Barbary Pirates

Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from the Barbary Coast.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident between the U.S. and France, leading to the Quasi-War.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional.

Treaty of Greenville

Agreement that ended the conflict with Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory.

New Jersey Plan

Proposal submitted by the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention for a government in which the states would have equal representation.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over maritime rights.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name 'Publius' to defend the Constitution in detail.

Whiskey Rebellion

Revolt against the federal excise tax on whiskey.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Expanded the federal court system.

Washington's Farewell Address

The speech Washington gave after his last term warning the people of the dangers of political parties and that we must preserve the union.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing judicial review.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that a slave would count as three-fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Anthony Wayne's victory over Native Americans in Ohio.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

Early battle of the Revolution; British victory but with heavy losses.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Major U.S. victory in the War of 1812; occurred after the peace treaty was signed.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Restricted colonial expansion westward past the Appalachian Mountains.

Nationalists

Political group advocating for a stronger national government post-Revolution.

Strict Constructionist vs. Broad Constructionist

Strict Constructionism holds that the government only has the powers specifically listed in the Constitution. Broad Constructionism posits that the government can exercise implied powers.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle from enraged frontiersmen who burned Prophet's town; skirmishes between settlers and renegade bands of Indians.

Import Duties

Tax on imported goods.

External Taxation

Revenue raised in the course of regulating trade with other nations.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds.

American Prohibitory Act

British law of 1775 that authorized the royal navy to seize all American ships engaged in trade; it amounted to a declaration of war.

Ratification

Act of approving or confirming a proposal.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president.

Virginia Plan

14 proposals by Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention for a more powerful central government.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for American ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.

Naturalized

Granted full citizenship from being born in another country.

Bicameral

A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses.

Corps of Discovery

Lewis and Clark's group dedicated to exploring the land purchased through the Louisiana purchase.

Natchez Trace

The overland route that followed a northeasterly path beginning in Natchez.

Loyalist

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

West Point

The key American fort on the Hudson River that General Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British.

Tariff

Import taxes on certain foreign goods.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Great Compromise

Proposed a two-house legislature with proportional representation in the lower and upper houses.

Implied Power

Power not enumerated in the Constitution but suggested in its language.

French Revolution

When France was on the brink of bankruptcy, and there were many political and economic issues which caused a revolt.

Alien Sedition Act

4 laws passed by Congress which restricted immigration and speech in the U.S.

Embargo Act of 1801

Jefferson's attempt to keep the U.S. from getting involved in conflict.

Treaty of Ghent

A treaty that restored diplomatic relations between England and the U.S. to what they were before.

War Hawks

The nickname given to Henry Clay and John Calhoun due to their strict demands and aggressive actions.