History finial cards upgraded
George III
TERM
Image
King of Britain with delusions of sovereignty; suffered from depression.
DEFINITION
Samuel Adams
TERM
Image
Leader of the Sons of Liberty; opposed certain taxes.
DEFINITION
Patrick Henry
TERM
Image
Virginia lawyer and planter; known for his patriotic speeches.
DEFINITION
George Washington
TERM
Image
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution; first President of the United States.
DEFINITION
John Burgoyne
TERM
Image
British general involved in the American Revolution; planned an unsuccessful campaign.
DEFINITION
George Rogers Clarke
TERM
Image
Known as 'Long Knife'; helped win the American Revolution.
DEFINITION
Daniel Shays
TERM
Image
Revolutionary War veteran who led Shays' Rebellion against the Massachusetts government.
DEFINITION
Louis XVI
TERM
Image
King of France during the French Revolution; executed by radicals (the Jacobins).
DEFINITION
Aaron Burr
TERM
Image
New York attorney and senator; served as Vice President under Thomas Jefferson.
DEFINITION
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
TERM
Image
French statesman; chief diplomatic advisor to Napoleon.
DEFINITION
John Marshall
TERM
Image
Secretary of State under John Adams; later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
DEFINITION
Toussaint L'Ouverture
TERM
Image
Leader of the Haitian Revolution; inspired slaves to seek freedom.
DEFINITION
Tecumseh
TERM
Image
Shawnee chief and political orator who opposed white expansion.
DEFINITION
William Henry Harrison
TERM
Image
Former Indiana governor and military officer; 9th President of the United States.
DEFINITION
George Grenville
TERM
Image
Appointed by George III; negotiated treaties with France.
DEFINITION
Charles Townshend
TERM
Image
British politician who played a significant role in the American Revolution through his taxation of the American colonies
DEFINITION
Benedict Arnold
TERM
Image
Helped capture Fort Ticonderoga; later became known as an American traitor.
DEFINITION
Thomas Paine
TERM
Image
Published the pamphlet 'Common Sense'.
DEFINITION
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
TERM
Image
Prussian drillmaster who trained the Continental Army.
DEFINITION
Thomas Jefferson
TERM
Image
3rd President and Founding Father; responsible for the Louisiana Purchase; author of the Declaration of Independence.
DEFINITION
James Madison
TERM
Image
Chief architect of the new Constitution; wrote the Federalist Papers; 4th President.
DEFINITION
Albert Gallatin
TERM
Image
Secretary of the Treasury; significant figure in U.S. financial policy.
DEFINITION
James Monroe
TERM
Image
5th President; established the Monroe Doctrine.
DEFINITION
Benjamin Franklin
TERM
Image
Politician and scientist; Founding Father; delegate to the Continental Congress.
DEFINITION
Meriwether Lewis
TERM
Image
Private secretary to Jefferson; led the expedition west.
DEFINITION
Alexander Hamilton
TERM
Image
Founding father, who founded the opposition Federalist party. Led annapolis convention to replace articles of confederation.
DEFINITION
The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)
TERM
Image
Shawnee leader who promoted a cultural revival among Native Americans.
DEFINITION
Andrew Jackson
TERM
Image
Military leader and 7th President; known for his role in the War of 1812.
DEFINITION
William Pitt
TERM
Image
British Prime Minister.
DEFINITION
John C. Calhoun
TERM
Image
Nationalist; introduced legislation to charter the Second Bank of the United States.
DEFINITION
Francis Marion
TERM
Image
Known as the 'Swamp Fox'; harassed British troops during the war.
DEFINITION
Richard Howe
TERM
Image
British Admiral; led the invasion of New York but lost.
DEFINITION
Charles Cornwallis
TERM
Image
British General; surrendered at the Siege of Yorktown.
DEFINITION
Edmund Genet
TERM
Image
French diplomat; attempted to recruit Americans for war without governmental approval.
DEFINITION
Eli Whitney
TERM
Image
Invented the cotton gin, revolutionizing the cotton industry.
DEFINITION
Napoleon Bonaparte
TERM
Image
French military leader and Emperor.
DEFINITION
Sacajawea
TERM
Image
Native American woman who helped Lewis and Clark communicate with tribes and survive.
DEFINITION
John Jay
TERM
Image
Appointed to nagotiat with Spain and was the first Cheif Justice.
DEFINITION
Francis Scott Key
TERM
Image
Prisoner on British Ship who Wrote the National Anthem
DEFINITION
Stamp Act (1765)
TERM
Image
This was a direct tax on certain goods to raise revenue.
DEFINITION
Mercantile Theory
TERM
Image
Economic theory that advocates that a nation should export more than it imports; colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.
DEFINITION
Direct Tax
TERM
Image
Tax imposed to raise revenue rather than regulate trade.
DEFINITION
Battles of Lexington and Concord
TERM
Image
First armed conflict of the American Revolution; Americans won.
DEFINITION
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
TERM
Image
Turning point in the Revolution; American victory prompted French support.
DEFINITION
Articles of Confederation
TERM
Image
The first constitution of the United States; weak central government.
DEFINITION
Northwest Ordinances
TERM
Image
Established a method for admitting new states in the Northwest Territory.
DEFINITION
Declaration of Independence
TERM
Image
Document declaring the 13 colonies free from British rule.
DEFINITION
Battle of Trenton
TERM
Image
Washington's surprise victory against Hessian forces on Christmas night.
DEFINITION
Olive Branch Petition
TERM
Image
Final attempt by the colonists to avoid war with Britain.
DEFINITION
Judicial Review
TERM
Image
The Supreme Court's power to invalidate laws that violate the Constitution.
DEFINITION
Barbary Pirates
TERM
Image
Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from Barbary Coast.
DEFINITION
XYZ Affair
TERM
Image
Diplomatic incident between the U.S. and France, leading to the Quasi-War.
DEFINITION
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
TERM
Image
Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional.
DEFINITION
Treaty of Greenville
TERM
Image
Agreement that ended the conflict with Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory.
DEFINITION
New Jersey Plan
TERM
Image
Proposel submitted by the new jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention for a government in which the states would have equal representation.
DEFINITION
War of 1812
TERM
Image
Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over maritime rights.
DEFINITION
Federalist Papers
TERM
Image
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
DEFINITION
Whiskey Rebellion
TERM
Image
Revolt against the federal excise tax on whiskey.
DEFINITION
Bill of Rights
TERM
Image
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
DEFINITION
Judiciary Act of 1801
TERM
Image
Expanded the federal court system.
DEFINITION
Washingtons fairwell address
TERM
Image
The speech Washingtion gave after his last term warning the people of the dangers of political parties and that we must perserve the union.
DEFINITION
Marbury v. Madison
TERM
Image
Landmark Supreme Court case establishing judicial review.
DEFINITION
Three-Fifths Compromise
TERM
Image
Agreement that a slave would count as three-fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes.
DEFINITION
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
TERM
Image
Anthony Wayne's victory over Native Americans in Ohio.
DEFINITION
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
TERM
Image
Early battle of the Revolution; British victory but with heavy losses.
DEFINITION
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
TERM
Image
Major U.S. victory in the War of 1812; occurred after the peace treaty was signed.
DEFINITION
Proclamation Line of 1763
TERM
Image
Restricted colonial expansion westward past the Appalachian Mountains.
DEFINITION
Nationalists
TERM
Image
Political group advocating for a stronger national government post-Revolution.
DEFINITION
Strict Constructionist vs. Broad Constructionist
TERM
Image
Strict Constructionism holds that the government only has the powers specifically listed in the Constitution. Broad Constructionism posits that the government can exercise implied powers.
DEFINITION
Battle of Tippecanoe
TERM
Image
Battle from enraged frontiers men who burned prophets town; skermishes between settlers and renagade bands of indians.
DEFINITION
Import Duties
TERM
Image
Tax on imported goods.
DEFINITION
External Taxation
TERM
Image
Revenue raised in the course of regulating trade with other nations.
DEFINITION
Minutemen
TERM
Image
Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds
DEFINITION
American Prohibitory Act
TERM
Image
British law of 1775 that authorized the royal navy to seize all American ships engaged in trade; it amounted to a declaration of war.
DEFINITION
Ratification
TERM
Image
Act of approving or confirming a proposal.
DEFINITION
Electoral College
TERM
Image
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
DEFINITION
Virginia Plan
TERM
Image
14 proposals by Virginia delegation to the constitutional convention for a more powerful central government.
DEFINITION
Sectionalism
TERM
Image
Loyalty to a region
DEFINITION
Reign of Terror
TERM
Image
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
DEFINITION
Jay's Treaty
TERM
Image
Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
DEFINITION
Naturalized
TERM
Image
Granted full citizenship form being born in another country.
DEFINITION
Bicameral
TERM
Image
A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses
DEFINITION
Corps of Discovery
TERM
Image
Lewis and Clark's group dedicated to exploring the land purchased through the Louisiana purchase.
DEFINITION
Natchez Trace
TERM
Image
the overland route that followed a northeasterly path beginning in Natchez
DEFINITION
Loyalist
TERM
Image
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
DEFINITION
West Point
TERM
Image
The key American fort on the Hudson River that General Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British
DEFINITION
Tariff
TERM
Image
Import taxes on certain foreign goods
DEFINITION
Treaty of Paris 1783
TERM
Image
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
DEFINITION
Antifederalists
TERM
Image
Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.
DEFINITION
Great Compromise
TERM
Image
Proposed a two house legislature with proportional representation in the lower and upper houses.
DEFINITION
Implied Power
TERM
Image
power not enumerated in the Constitution but suggested in its language
DEFINITION
French Revolution
TERM
Image
When France was on the brink of bankruptcy, and there were many political and economic issues which caused a revolt.
DEFINITION
Alien Sedation Act
TERM
Image
4 laws passed by congress which restricted immigration and speech in the U.S.
DEFINITION
Embargo Act of 1801
TERM
Image
Jefferson's attempt to keep the U.S. from getting involved in conflict
DEFINITION
Treaty of Ghent
TERM
Image
a treaty that restored diplomatic relations between England and the U.S. to what they were before.
DEFINITION
War Hawks
TERM
Image
The nickname given to henry clay and john Calhoun due to their strict demands and aggressive acitons.
DEFINITION