Gender and Society Reviewer

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic gender concepts, stereotypes, SOGIE, historical developments of patriarchy, feminist waves, and research methodologies in gender studies.

Sex

Refers to physiological characteristics related to reproduction. It is congenital (present at birth) and unchanging.

Gender

Refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and identities learned by people. It is a learned behavior, changes over time, and varies within a culture.

Femininity

Behaviors commonly associated with females that may not actually be tied to a woman's biological sex.

Masculinity

Is not tied to one's gonads. It is based on gender and society's beliefs rather than biological functions.

Sex Stereotypes

A generalized view of traits that men and women should possess, especially in their physical and emotional roles. These are unrelated to the roles they actually perform.

Sexual Stereotypes

Assumptions about a person's sexuality that reinforce dominant views, such as believing everyone is attracted only to the opposite sex.

Sex-role Stereotypes

The roles, traits, and responsibilities assigned to men and women based on their sex assigned at birth.

Compounded Stereotypes

Assumptions about groups within a gender that may also be influenced by age, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, or other aspects of identity.

SOGIE

Stands for Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression.

Sexual Orientation

Refers to the person to whom one is attracted. It includes both romantic and sexual feelings.

Gender Identity

A person's deeply felt sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth.

Gender Expression

Refers to how individuals express their gender identity outwardly through appearance, behavior, mannerisms, clothing, hairstyle, speech, and body language.

Lesbian

A woman who is attracted to other women.

Gay

Refers to men who are attracted to other men.

Bisexual

A person attracted to both genders.

Transgender

Refers to people who live permanently in their preferred gender without necessarily undergoing medical interventions.

Queer

Refers to a sexual or gender identity that does not correspond to established ideas of sexuality and gender, especially heterosexual norms.

Asexual

A person who does not experience sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.

Gender Equality

A fundamental human right that ensures equal enjoyment of rights by women and men without discrimination based on sex.

Gender Equity

Justice and fairness in treating women and men, sometimes requiring specific measures to compensate for historical and social disadvantages.

Women's Rights

The entitlements women have because they are human, based on international human rights documents such as CEDAW.

Transsexual

Refers to people who identify with the gender opposite their assigned sex at birth and may intend to undergo, are undergoing, or have undergone gender reassignment treatment, which may or may not include hormone therapy or surgery.

Gender Gap

The difference between women and men in participation, access to resources, rights, power, influence, remuneration, and benefits.

Divine Feminine Concept

The belief in the sacredness of women because of their ability to conceive children.

Egalitarian Society

A society where men and women have equitable power and roles and enjoy the same social status.

Discovery of Paternity

The discovery of the father's role in reproduction, which changed society's views of women and men during the Agricultural Era.

Productive Sphere

Refers to the world of public work, where men were given preference.

Reproductive Sphere

Refers to the world of the home, including child-rearing, home management, and bearing children, which became associated with women.

Gender Disparity

The unequal treatment and opportunities between men and women, which became more intense during the Industrial Era.

Patriarchy

A social system based on the control and oppression of women, where men hold power in the political, legal, economic, workplace, home, and social spheres.

Patriarches

A Greek word meaning "the rule of the father," from which the term patriarchy originated.

Patrilineal Society

A society where only men inherit property and the family name, while women were expected to marry someone who could support them economically.

Friedrich Engels

A German philosopher and sociologist who argued that patriarchy developed when people began owning private property instead of living communally.

Private Property

Property owned by individuals that developed through agriculture and animal domestication, contributing to the rise of patriarchy.

Product Surplus

The excess production from agriculture and domestication that allowed people to accumulate private property.

Three Obediences

A Confucian principle stating that a woman should obey her father, husband, and son.

Four Virtues

The qualities expected of women under Confucianism: industry, appearance, speech, and behavior.

Gender Biases

Unfair beliefs, expectations, and practices that favor one gender over another.

Sexism

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex.

Gender Pay Gap

The situation where men earn more than women for work.

Underrepresentation

The low participation of women in politics, the military, executive positions, and other leadership roles.

Women's Empowerment

The process of challenging patriarchy and promoting women's rights, equality, and opportunities.

Feminism

A movement that seeks equality and women's rights by challenging gender discrimination and patriarchy.

First Wave Feminism

A movement during the 19th and early 20th century that fought for women's right to vote and own property.

Simone de Beauvoir

A French writer who published The Second Sex ($1949$), explaining how patriarchal society limits women's productivity and freedom.

Betty Friedan

Author of The Feminine Mystique ($1963$), which criticized the traditional roles assigned to women.

Kate Millett

Author of Sexual Politics ($1969$), which examined the relationship between gender and power.

Germaine Greer

Author of The Female Eunuch ($1970$), which challenged traditional views about women.

Second Wave Feminism

A movement from the $1960s$ to the $1980s$ that addressed domestic violence, marital rape, reproductive rights, and wage inequality.

Third Wave Feminism

A feminist movement that began in the $1990s$.

Fourth Wave Feminism

A feminist movement that began in $2012$ and continues to the present.

Gender Studies

An area of knowledge that involves looking into, analyzing, and examining society to recognize power relations in seemingly simple things.

Gender Role (Sex Role)

A social role that includes behaviors and attitudes considered acceptable and appropriate, consisting of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity.

Diversity

The presence of different people and backgrounds, which helps make communities and workplaces more productive, tolerant, and welcoming.

Qualitative Research

A research approach that focuses on the meanings and interpretations people give to their personal or observed (vicarious) experiences.

Phenomenology

A qualitative method that uses intensive interviews to understand an individual's lived experience of a particular event.

Hermeneutics

A qualitative method that focuses on understanding the meaning of texts, such as literary works and artworks, and what they convey.

Ethnography and Ethnomethodology

A qualitative method that involves immersing in a community to observe its experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and practices.

Quantitative Research

A research approach that focuses on describing a population or sample and making generalizations based on the behavior of a sample.

Informed Consent

Participants should be aware of the purpose and process of the study before agreeing to participate.

Non-maleficence

The principle that a study should do no harm to anyone.

Beneficence

The principle that a study should be beneficial and worth implementing.