Small animal head and neck

what is in the temporal bone

the middle ear

ear canal

label the

maxilla

parietal

occipital

temporal

zygomatic

1. occipital
2. temporal
3. zygomatic
4. maxilla
5. parietal

whats important about the zygomatic

it protects the eye

what is the canine dental formula

up 3142

down 3143

which teeth are the carnasial or shearing teeth

p4 and M1

when do the permanent incisors come in for a dog

3-5 months

when do the permanent canine teeth for a dog come in

4-6 months

when do the permanent premolars come in for a dog

4-5 months

when do the permanent molars come in for a dog

5-7 months

what is the dental formula for felines

up 3131

down 3121

when do the permanent incisiors come in for a cat

3\.5-5.5 months

when do the permanent canines come in for a cat

5\.5-6.5 months

when do the permanent premolars come in for a cat

4-5 months

when do the permanents molars come in for a cat

5-6 months

what does the condyloid process of the mandible articulate with

what is this joint called

mandibular fossa of temporal bone

\
* temporomandibular joint hinge joint

how do you know if you luxated your TMJ

if your teeth don’t articulate

identify

1. TMJ
2. tympani joint

identify

philtrum

nostril

alar fold

1. alar fold
2. nostril
3. philtrum- center of the nose

what is the pharynx a crossroad for

* nasal cavity
* oral cavity
* airway

identify and explain what it does

nasal turbance

* humidify air
* catches dirt

where to place a nasogastric tube

pass the tube ventral middle= ventral meatus

identify

cricoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

1. thyroid cartilage
2. cricoid cartilage
3. arytenoid cartilage

what are the processes of the arytenoid and identify

1. corniculate
2. cuneiform

case

* 10 yr MN lab
* difficulty breathing
* exercise intolerance
* stridorous
* struggling to breath cant get air in

\

laryngeal paralysis

* airway doesnt open
* give dopram to stimulate deep breathing
* they go into respiratory failure and die

explain laryngeal paralysis

* idiopathic neuropathy
* no certain reason for this
* something is happening to the nerves
* recurrent laryngeal nerve is very long goes from chest to the neck
* innervates almost all of the muscles of the larynx
* cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
* most important bc it opens larynx
* potentially part of a more generalized degenerative poly neuropathy
* may be weak on their hindlimbs at the same time

how do you fix laryngeal paralysis cricoid

* mimic what cricoarytenoideus dorsalis does
* you tie aryntenoid cartilage to **cricoid** or thyroid so that it permanently stays open one side
* mostly thyroid

what risk does a dog have when they get a procedure to fix laryngeal paraylisis

aspiration ammonia bc airway doesnt close

CASE

* 3yr MN french bulldog
* chronic snoring
* stertorous breathing
* upper airway breathing
* inspiratory dyspnea at times
* trouble breathing

brachycephalic upper airway syndrome

* stenotic nares
* smaller weak openings
* air difficult to get in
* enlongated soft palate
* bigger and pushed into the airway
* hypoplastic trachea

what is the secondary effect for brachycephalic upper airway

* everted laryngeal saccules
* vocal chords get inflammed

how do you help bulldogs breathe better

cut part of alar fold to let airway in

rhinoplasty

how to fix brachycephalic upper airway

cutting the soft palate to be shorter

explain everted laryngeal saccules

* chronic increased respiratory effort can evert the soft tissue between the vocal folds
* can obstruct the airways
* you just cut them out

how many parathyroids are there

4

* 2 external parathyroid glands
* 2 internal parathyroid glands

what do the parathyroid glands do

produce parathyroid hormone

increases ca levels

what happens if there is a parathyroid tumor

you will have hypercalcuim

what is the thyroid slip

when u palpate a cats neck while its extended

* place thumb and index finger on each side of the trachea and swept downwards from the larynx to the sternum
* palpation of a freely moveable, subcutaneous nodule or a “blip” that slips under the fingertips determines the presence of an enlarged thyroid gland
* you shouldnt be able to feel anything
* should be done routinely

what diagnostic tool should you use check if cat has hyperthyroidism

nuclear scintigraphy

what thyroid tumors do cats get

thyroid adenoma

easier to treat than what a dog would have

what thyroid tumors do dogs get

thyroid carcinoma

maglinent tumor

whats in the cartoid sheath

vagosympathetic trunk and common carotid artery

CASE

* 6yr old MN Boxer
* 1 week of persistent drooling with some blood present
* acutely swollen left side of face
* FNA of mass large volume of viscous clear fluid

mandibular

\-sialocele

identify the glands

sublingual

mandibular

parotid

zygomatic

1. parotid
2. mandibular
3. sublingual
4. zygomatic

what happens if the sublingual gland tears

saliva goes anywhere under the tongue

what happens if the mandibular gland tears

saliva goes anywhere in the neck

what happens if the parotid and zygomatic gland tears

it will leak saliva under the ear

where do the mandubular and sublingland glands empty out

at the sublingual papilla

which glands of the most diseases

mandibular and sublingual

what is this called

ranula

sublingual tear

CASE

* 1yr old mc tabby
* mild dyspnea
* noisy breathing
* nasal discharge

nasopharyngeal polyps

* benign inflammatory in nature
* grow out of the middle ear
* young cats

if you put florescent in the nasolacrimal duct where would it leak out of

nose

what can u do to unblock the nasolacrimal duct

put a cannula in there

what is a cherry eye

when the 3rd eyelid is prolapsed

* doesnt cause any problems
* cosmetic to fix

how would you test for olfactory nerve

you would test for smell but its very subjective

how would you test for the optic nerve

you would throw a cotton ball or something that doesnt make noise and see if there is a response

test can be subjective

how do you test for oculomotor nerve

you would shine a light on its eye and pupil should constrict

how do you test for trochlear nerve

eye would be deviated laterally if something was wrong and would lose function of its dorsal oblique muscle

* known as lazy eye
* to strength the muscle you could patch the good eye to strength the eye muscles

how to test for trigeminal nerve

its pretty hard to do

* you want and eye blink but without putting air by the eye
* also there jaw wont be able to shut and be salivating everywhere

how to test for abducens

* eye will be deviated medially

how to test for facial nerve

sensory

poking their face

* would have facial paralysis and drooling

what would happen if vestibulocochlear nerve was damaged

* balance would be off
* eyes would be moving back and fourth
* testing for hearing is hard