Ways of seeing final

The film happy- Happiness

not about material goods, is about family, friends, relationships, community

The film happy- flow

routines on regular basis, consistencies which lead to happiness

The film happy- happiness as a skill or activity

learning how to set goals, build relationships, practice gratitude

The film happy- community

the people around you, support system

Apology- “I make you be happy”

socrates teachings help the men think and question which makes them wiser ad they will learn more about themselves, therefore learning how to make themselves happy

Apology- socrates

a greek philosopher whos work is only known through others

Apology- plato

student of socrates, wrote a series of dialogues that feature socrates

Apology- the gods work (god of delphi)

answers socrates question by saying no one is wiser than socrates, which starts his journey of searching for the wise people

Apology- Wisdom

a trait of the people that think they dont know everything

Apology- socrates project and the greatest good

to serve the gods and teach the youth how to care for their souls

nicomachean ethics- goods and ends

the people who seek “The best goods” in their area will be “The best goods for a city”, when the end is the product of the activity, the product is the higher good.

nicomachean ethics- the highest good

the activity of the soul in connection to reason, the highest good would be pursued in itself, and not ordered to other goods

nicomachean ethics- happiness

requires learning and attention, aristotle said hapiness can be achived during lifetime if one maintains a good character and does vitruous actions all his life, must be better and more godlike than other virtues

nicomachean ethics- the human soul

made of two parts, rational and non rational

nicomachean ethics-virtue

a state that decides which is a mean relative of us by reason between excess and deficit, formed from good actions; state of making a human being good and able to preform their functions well.

nicomachean ethics- pleasure

the well lived life of virue guves pleasure, is ordered to virtue which means pleasure is a good thing

nicomachean ethics- external goods

wealth, beauty, honor, can increase or decrease happiness, can even prevent, but cannot grant it

nicomachean ethics- moderation

a mean between extremes of excess and defect

nicomachean ethics- feelings

feeling anger, fear, etc

nicomachean ethics- capacities

capabilities for anger, fear, ability to experience feelings

nicomachean ethics- states

how angry or fearful we are, excess deficiency, or correct amount of a feeling

confessions- augustine

the author of the confessions

confessions- alypius

augustines friend, goes along with what he says and does

confessions- monica

augustines mom

confessions- ambrose

father figure for augustine, “a light” for him

confessions- sin

sin of thought

confessions- pears

augustine steals pears with his friends, he knows it is not right to do, and does not actually want to friends

confessions- original sins

the conditions which lead human beings to selfishness and disobediance even if they wish to act otherwise

confessions- evil— manichean answer

life in this world is unbearably painful and radically evil, substance like good, didnot undderstand it was a priviation of good, evil is the absence of god

confessions- evil— christian answer

god does not will evil, evil is a privation of good

confessions- faustas

a cheif ordiator, is thought to take augustines doubts away whn he comes, it turns out that augustine already knows everything faustus says

confessions-a drunk beggar

is cheerful and seems happy, but augustine concludes that he is not truley happy. he also says he is anxious but would not rather be the begger

confessions- continence

augustine belives he is “unable to live a celibate life”

confessions- victorinus

convertes to christianity. when augustine hears this story, it gives him hope that he will be able to convert and give up sex and material goods

confessions- antony

monk

confessions- “take up and read”

Augustine hears a childlike voice saying this, so he flips to a random page in the bible and reads a verse. By doing this, he is able to reject attachments and accept god. this is his moment of conversion

confessions- memory

augustine explores the idea of memory and how we can remember emotions without re- experiancing them

Summa Theologica- Happiness (perfect and imperfect)

Perfect - is in God alone, the contemplation of God directly, possible only in the afterlife

Imperfect - we can attain this in this life by participation, through hope in the afterlife, and through a direct and imperfect enjoyment in the good

Summa- Charity

a kind of friendship, a virtue, orders humans to the highest good, no true virtue is possible without it; the act of charity is to love

Summa- love

It is better to love than to be loved; to love is the best human action as the rational will to value God; love is more than goodwill, it is a deep desire for the good of the other rooted in mutual connection, no excess; Loving you neighbors for God’s sake is better than loving God without loving your neighbor

Summa- Virtue

says charity is the virtue of friendship with God

Summa- Object(s) of charity

We love God in charity, but we love other people as well, we love them in God because they belong and are properly ordered to God; does not extend to irrational creatures because there can be no mutuality

Republic- Justice according to Polymarchus and Thrasymachus

For Polymarchus, justice is rendering each person what they are owed (friends get favors, enemies get punished)

For Thrasymachus, justice is the advantage of the stronger (majority rules)

Republic- Three types of goods

1. Goods we desire for their own sake (ex. joy)

2. Goods we desire for their sake and the sake of their consequences (good health)

3. Goods we desire for the sake of the consequences in spite of the unpleasantness of thing itself (exercise)

Republic- Ring of Gyges

a ring that renders a person invisible

Suggests that people would act unjustly if they could (Gyges uses this ring to overthrow the king and marry the queen)

Republic- Guardians

the city needs guardians that protect the city and are fierce with its enemies

• They should be properly trained with stories that represent the gods as they are and present a proper message about what is good.

• Guardians live in a community and possess no money

Republic- “Noble Lie”/Myth of the Metals

all in the city come from the same source and are brothers

• Gold comes from rulers

• Silver comes from guardians

• Iron and Bronze come from the producers

Republic- Allegory of the Cave

• Ppl in cave don’t know true ideal/forms 

  • Once out of cave (reach enlightenment) 

  • Supposed to teach those who don't know

Republic- Education

Those taken out of the cave, first encounter projectors and “real” objects, then actual real things seen because of sunlight, then the Sun itself

Republic- The Good

Education (poetry, music) encouraged harmony and balance and will orient the guardians toward the good       🙂   😀    😂   😡

Republic- Kalliopolis

ideal polis

Republic- Timocracy

 souls driven by honor

Republic- Oligarchy

souls driven my necessary appetites (wealth and power)

Republic- Democracy

souls driven my unnecessary appetites (luxury items)

Republic- Tyranny

souls driven by unlawful appetites (lust)

Plauge- Sisyphus

He is forced to roll a rock up a hill again and again and is never done

• This is behavior that does not have an end goal

• He keeps going because he finds a way to enjoy what he is doing/finds satisfaction from the action of doing it

Plauge- Rieux

 physician who treats patients with plague, narrator

Plauge- Tarrou

visitor from out of town; journal keeper (spitting on cats)

Plauge- grand

clerk, writer, odd person (timid, frail)

Plauge- Cottard

tries to take his own life early on; unusually does well during plague

Plauge- Asthma patient

doesn’t believe in clocks, transfers peas from one pan to the other to keep track of time, everyone thinks plague life is awful and he does too, but he also thinks regular life, even after the gates open up is awful, too.

Plauge- Othon

magistrate, represents “officialdom”

Plauge- Othon’s son

gets the Plague, suffers for a long time unnecessarily because they try the new serum on him

Plauge- Richard

chairman of the medical association in Oran; does not want to believe that the illness spreading is plague at first, wants to wait and see

Plauge- Paneloux

priest

Plauge- Plague

described as “repetition” by Rambert, The same thing over and over again.

Mass burials

Plauge- Sanitary squads

formed because “officialdom” couldn’t keep up with the Plague; dangerous and difficult work, volunteers only

Pauge- Paneloux’s homilies

originally his sermon is about how the Plague is a punishment; then his second sermon is about how there is no rational explanation of this and the people should embrace suffering and death as part of God’s plan

Plauge- Oran

town

Plauge- Closing the town

nothing to look forward to anymore, no more business or commerce, the 

Plague is now everyone’s business, not just the doctors and people who notice

Plauge- “separated lovers”

a consequence of quarantine

Plauge- “Officialdom”

represents authorities who are responsible for making decisions in Oran throughout the plague; shows the consequences of societal structures in the face of crisis

Wood- Wood

• Historian of revolutionary 

  • Voters & leader (civic virtue)

Wood- De Tocqueville 

• French aristocrat 

  • Voters (civic virtue) 

  • “Self-interested well understood”

  • Believes that if this understanding was merely widespread both extraordinary virtue & extraordinary depravity would be less common

wood- Monarchy

• Expects & require less virtue of subjects 

• Communities held together by tribal, fam, & friends 

• Based on “dependence & subservience”

Wood- Republicanism 

• Requires more virtue of citz 

• Communities held together by common COMMITMENT of PUBLIC GOOD 

• Couldn’t easily tolerate selfishness, corruption, the pursuit of ef-gratification

Wood- Disinterestedness

• Not influenced by private profit 

  • For common good

Wood-Self-interest well understood

Believes that if this understanding was merely widespread both extraordinary virtue & extraordinary depravity would be less common

Wood- Public (pos lib.)

• Freedom FOR (governing)

• Participation in Governing 

• Disinterestedness

Wood- Private (Neg. Lib.)

• Freedom FROM (interference)  

• Prudence, frugality 

• Preserved by public virtue

Nicomachean-Friendship

• 3 types 

  • Utility 

  • Pleasure 

  • excellence /virtue 

•  Need to be truly happy 

• is based on the values each person takes into the relationship

Nicomachean-Utility

the person’s usability in the friendship

Nicomachean- Pleasure

the pleasure a person brings

Nicomachean-True friendship

excellence

Nicomachean-Self-love

• Requires virtue

• The vicious person is incapable of self-love

Nicomachean-Friendship among unequals

• The most unequal friendship is between gods and humans 

• The affection given should be proportionate to the honor due to the person in question