History Midterm - (5th) Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

What is science?

The ability to observe the world and reach conclusions about how it works.

What is a scientific mind?

A religious mind.

How did the scientists during this revolution change lives?

They discovered cures for diseases, improved lives, etc.

What does science us to prove? What does faith use to prove?

Science uses evidence. Faith uses faith.

Why did the Scientific Revolution begin during the Renaissance?

Because it was a time period of reviving the learning/arts. These wonders (the eternal “why”) left people curious and more people were motivated to answer the universes questions, but not just through faith alone.

Why was the Roman Catholic church threatened by the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution rejected traditional authority/church’s teachings. The more people believed scientific facts, the less power the church would have.

Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Issac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based off what?

Experimentation and observation

During the Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists/philosophers was what?

Examining natural laws governing the universe.

What was the Enlightenment?

An important movement in Europe during the 18th century that was inspired/influenced by the Scientific Revolution.

How was the Enlightenment influenced by the Scientific Revolution?

They both implied by applying reason/scientific laws, people could understand nature/society better. Both movements were an attempt to better society.

Who were some of the important Enlightenment philosophers?

Voltaire, ideas influenced the leaders of the American/French Revolution and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who's novel; The Social Contract helped to inspire democratic ideals for the French Revolution and more.

What did the Enlightened Despots want to do?

Wanted to encourage education/trade while still maintaining their traditional royal powers.

Before the 1500s, how did scholars decided something was true/false?

Decided through the ancient teaching records of the Greeks/Romans.

What was the medival view of the earth/planets?

Earth was the center and the planets revolved around it.

Who were the absolute monarchs of Europe?

Peter the Great in Russia, Frederick William in Germany, and Louis XIV in France.

How were Hobbe’s/Locke’s beliefs different?

Locke believed people should have the 3 natural rights while Hobbes thought people should form a social contract.

What were the two types of freedom that the Enlightenment thinks championed?

The freedom of religion and the freedom of speech.

What did the Enlightenment’s ideas influence?

The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and spread the idea of progress.

Describe the history timeline in order.

Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, French Revolution.

Where did Britain, France, Prussia/Hapsburg Empire/Russia, and the Ottoman Empire stand during 1800s politics?

Britain had a constitutional monarchy, France had a royal absolutist,, Prussi/Hapsburg/Russia was in Enlightened Despotism, and the Ottoman Empire had a traditional empire.

What were the 5 key concepts of the Enlightenment?

Reason (Truth could be discovered through logic), nature (natural = good), people in present life, not just afterlife, progress/improvement inn society/humanity, and liberty - freedom and rights for all (men).

Who were the Enlightened thinkers?

Voltaire, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot.

What were the major Enlightenment issues (in the context of topics), for society?

Detested slavery, defended freedom of speech/religion, attack Divine Right theory, urged education for all, believed governments should be freely elected, and a woman’s first duty is to her husband.

Salons

Men/women gathering in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas.

Philsophes

Intellectuals who used reason for thinking.

American Revolution

A conflict where the 13 colonies reject British rule.

Heliocentric theory

The belief that the Sun was the center of the Earth, hypothesized and proved by Copernicus.

Geocentric theory

The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe.

Scientific Method

Using observations/evidence to prove a question right/wrong.

Francis Baron

Championed the scientific method, and encouraged knowledge/reasoning.

Rene Descartes

Emphasized rational thought and deductive reasoning.

Issac Newton

Developed the laws of motion/universal gravitation.

Bill of Rights

Made in 1689, a document that limited the power of the monarchy and affirmed the authority of the Parliament.

Declaration of Independence

Signed/adopted on July 4, 1774, a US document announcing the 13 colonies separating from British rule.

The Social Contract

A theory developed by philosopher Hobbes stating that a person should surrender some freedoms to the more-powerful in exchange for protection of remaining rights of life, liberty, and property. This was to prevent chaos.