MASTER AP EURO FLASHCARDS

Feudalism

A hierarchical structure where landowning nobles (lords) provided land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service, such as military support

Scholasticism

A way of learning and thinking that emphasizes using logic and reason to analyze and understand philosophical and theological ideas

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance art

Both developed humanism and used realism to present differing subjects. The Italian Renaissance used science to achieve perfection in symmetry and anatomy. The Northern Renaissance did not represent the idealized human form; instead, they focused on scenes of daily life.

Humanism

A philosophy of life that affirms the inherent dignity of human beings and emphasizes the importance of reason, empathy, and a commitment to a more humane society.

Where did the Renaissance start?

Florence, Italy

Why was the printing press important?

Made books less expensive and more accessible, increased literacy rates

100 years war

England v. France, caused by a succession crisis in France

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands outside of Europe (moved the line of demarcation)

John Wycliffe

(1328-1384), rejects papal authority, teacher at Oxford

John Calvin

a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) a council to address the Protestant Reformation by clarifying Catholic doctrines, reforming church practices, and condemning Protestant beliefs.

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry IV 1598, granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion

The Peace of Westphalia

A series of treaties that ended the 30 years war

What caused the French Wars of Religion?

Religious persecution and political mistreatment of Huguenots

Tulipmania

a period of extreme financial speculation in the Dutch Golden Age, where the prices of tulip bulbs soared to unprecedented levels, then collapsed

Who was Lousi XIV?

King of France from 1638-1715, absolute ruler, ordered construction of Versailles

What was the Enlightenment?

a philosophical, intellectual, and cultural movement that dominated European thought in the 17th and 18th centuries

Empiricism

Knowledge is gained by senses

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker who wrote Treatise on Tolerance

What where salons and coffeehouses used for during the French Enlightenment?

French philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau met to discuss

Nuclear families

a household composed of two parents and their children, often viewed as the traditional family unit

Agricultural revolution

16th-17th century, includes open field system, and crop rotations

John Locke

all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

The Ancient Régime (the Estates General)

Corrupt French government system that led to the French Revolution

Thermidorian Reaction

Period of several months between Robespierre and the Directory following the French Revolution, highly conservative

Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror took place between September 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794

Napoleonic code

(1804), offices based on merit and efficiency, deprived women of rights

Cottage Industry

“early factory”

Why did the Industrial Rev start in GB?

Coal, Iron, Rivers, Ports

What was the Crystal Palace?

(1851), massive buildingpomade from glass that hosted industrial fair

Congress of Vienna

A series of meetings to decide European order after the fall of Napoleon

The Concert of Europe

Creates a period of 50 years that Europe is eaceful and very conservative

Marxism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels suggests that history is an unending class struggle

Why did Germany unify?

Crimean war breaks up Concert of Europe, 1849 revolutions fail

Realpolitik

politics based on practical, pragmatic considerations rather than ideological belief, created by Otto Von Bismarck

The Dreyfus Affiar

Alfred Dreyfus wrongfully accused of high treason, he was jewish, example of antisemitism

Zionism

Jewish nationalism

Crimean War

Ends Concert of Europe, increases nationalism and first war with photography and medical sanitization

Berlin Conference

A 1884-1885 meeting of European powers in Berlin, Germany, to regulate colonial possessions and trade in Africa

Russian Revolution

Ends Romanov dysnasty and starts the USSR

Five Year Plan

Stalin’s economic plan to make the USSR a global power

What was the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?

Conferences that planed the D-Day invasion and discussed plans for post WWII Europe

COMECON and COMIFORM

The USSR’s version of the Marshall Plan (to aid eastern European countries in recovering from WWII)

Imperialism

A nation extending its rule/control over another country

Who was Otto Von Bismark?

Chancellor of Germany from 1871-1890, who united Germany in 3 wars, coined the term ‘realpolitik’

What was the Renaissance?

A period of cultural, artistic and political “rebirth” following the Middle Ages

What was the 100 year war?

A war between France and England over territorial disputes an the issue of succession to the French throne

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Absolute ruler of France, attempted to conquer the US and Haiti and established Napoleonice code

Who was Karl Marx?

A German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto, known as the ‘father of communism’

Who was Adam Smith?

A Scottish professor who wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and produced the idea of Laissez Faire Economics

Who was Adolf Hitler?

A German political leader who was in charge of the Nazi party and who was responsible for the death of 16 million people during the Holocaust

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Leader of the Bloshevik Revolution and first president of the USSR

Who was Rasputin?

Spiritual healer and advisor to the Russian royal family (the Romanovs)

Why did Russian drop out of WWI?

Because of the Russian Revolution

What is a total war?

A war in which participants use all of the resources in order to wage a war and the laws of war are typically disregarded

Who was Franz Ferdinand?

The archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (a member of the Black Hand {a Serbian Nationalist Group})

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

A Conference that decided the terms of peace after WWI, created the Treaty of Versailles and formed the League of Nations

What were the MAIN causes of WWI?

Militarism, Allainces, Imperialism and Nationalism

What is Fascism?

A political ideology that stresses the glory of the state, unquestioning obedience to its leader and harsh suppression of dissent

What werethe causes of WWII?

The fail of the Treaty of Versailles and the rise of the Nazi Party

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

Antisemetic and racist laws that where enacting in Nazi Germany

What was Kristallnacht?

The night of the broken glass when 30,000 Jews where arrested

What was the Munich Agreement?

Hitler promised that he would not take more territory after taking Rhineland and the Sudentenland

Who was Peter the 1st?

Absolute ruler of Russia who had the Peterhof Palace constructed

What is Keynesian Economics?

An economic system created during the Great Depression that promotes economic involvement in the economy

Who was Benito Mussolini?

An Italian nationlist and the founder of Itilan Fascim who ruler during WWII