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Science
The study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion.
Biology
The scientific study of life.
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to test its effects.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured and affected in an experiment.
Control Variables
Variables that are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure a fair test.
Control Group
The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.
Experimental Group
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or condition being tested.
Entomologist
A scientist who studies insects.
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold something is; an independent variable in experiments.
Chemical Composition of Water
H2O, consisting of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
Polarity
A property of water that allows it to have partial positive and negative charges.
Polar Molecules
Molecules that have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end.
Covalent Bonds
Strong bonds formed when atoms share electrons.
Organic Macromolecules
Large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds made up of sugar molecules, serving as energy sources and structural components.
Lipids
Group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic, including fats and oils.
Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules, such as DNA and RNA, that carry genetic information.
Proteins
Large biomolecules composed of amino acids, crucial for biological function.
Polymers
Large molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers.
Dehydration Synthesis
A process that joins monomers to form polymers by removing water.
Hydrolysis
A process that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.
Activation Energy
The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Active Site
The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
Cell Theory
A fundamental principle that states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism lacking a nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
Eukaryote
A multicellular organism with a nucleus, e.g., plants and animals.
Organelles
Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Cell Membrane
The thin, flexible barrier surrounding all cells.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Active Transport
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
Autotroph
An organism that can produce its own food from inorganic substances.
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains food by consuming other living things.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells convert sugars into energy.
Mitosis
A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four gametes.
Diploid
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Haploid
A cell that contains a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells with the ability to develop into different cell types.
Karyotype
A complete set of chromosomes in an organism.
Non-disjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
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