SCIENCE - 2nd Quarter: Finals

Respiratory system

• Passageway of gas into and out of the body.

• Brings oxygen into the body and gets rid of the carbon dioxide

• ▪In humans, it is divided into two: Upper Respiratory Tract and Lower Respiratory Tract

MECHANISMS OF GAS EXCHANGE

• Integumentary ▪

• Gills ▪T

• Tracheal system ▪

• Lungs

RESPIRATION

• Confused with breathing

• ▪Overall exchange of gases among the atmosphere, blood and cells

▪BREATHING

act of taking air in and out

▪EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood within the lungs

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and the cell

▪CELLULAR RESPIRATION

process of using O2 to use and produce energy

• Nose or Nasal Cavity ▪

• Pharynx

• ▪Larynx

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (3)

Nose or Nasal Cavity

• ▪Primary organ for smell

• ▪Main entrance for airflow

▪Pharynx

• Throat ▪

• Pathway for air and food ▪

• Nasopharynx – oropharynx – laryngopharynx

• ▪Tonsils(Pharyngeal tonsil ▪Palatine tonsil ▪Lingual tonsil)

• Voice box

• Trachea

• ▪Bronchi -

• ▪Lungs ▪

• Bronchioles ▪

• Alveoli

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

▪Trachea

• Windpipe

• ▪Consists of ciliated mucosa

▪Bronchi

• Passageway of air into lungs

• ▪Left- narrower, longer and less straight

▪Lungs

• ▪Main organ of respiratory system

• ▪Divided into several lobes

▪Alveoli

Where gas exchange occurs

BRONCHITIS

• Coughs out mucopurulent sputum – mucus and pus ▪

• Caused by virus, and bacteria. ▪

• Also associated with cigarette smoking, emphysema, and air pollution

PNEUMONIA

• ▪Inflammation of the lungs ▪

• May be bacterial or viral

SARS-COV-2 – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome COronaVirus 2

• is the virus that causes the COVID-19

• ▪ Transmission of SARS-CoV is primarily from person to perso

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

• Hypertension

• ▪140/90 mm Hg ▪

• “silent killer”

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

• Arteries become narrowed and hardened due to buildup of plaque around the wall ▪

• (?) vascular disease

• ▪Disrupts the flow of blood

STROKE

• When blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted.

• ▪ Within minutes, brain cells starts to die.

• ▪ Prompt treatment is crucial. Early actions can minimize brain damage.

HEART ATTACK, 1 MYO, 2 cardial, INFRACTION

• ▪Myocardial infarction (MI)

• (1) – muscle ,

• (2) – heart ,

• (3) – death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

MYO

60 – 100pm

How fast does your heart beat?

how many ml of blood per min

60 – 100ml

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Deliver Oxygen

• Deliver Nutrients

• Remove Carbon Dioxide

• Remove Waste

Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

Parts of circulatory System

Red= Erythrocytes

White=Leukocytes

Platelets=Thrombocytes

Scientific names of red, white and platelets

• Deliver Oxygen

• Deliver Nutrients

• Remove Carbon Dioxide

• Remove Waste

Role of erythrocytes (red)

Hemoglobin

Iron-containing Protein that gives the rbc a RED color

White Blood Cell (Leukocytes)

Protect the Body from Bacteria, Viruses, and Foreign Substance

White Blood Cell (Leukocytes)

• It is Colorless Bigger than RBC 1

• : 700 RBC

• There are multiple types of (?)

• They only live for a several days

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Main role is to Clot the Blood

• Trapped by fibrin made by Fibrinogen(pRotein)

• Not True cells

• plasma (55%)

• Wbc and platelets (4%)

• rbc (41%)

Percentages of red,white, and platelets in the blood

Function of the blood

Blood Vessels

A network of tubular structure that acts as passageway for blood through the tissues and organs

• Arteries

• Veins

• Capillaries

Parts of blood vessels

Arteries

Carries oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

Carries deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart

Capillaries

Carries blood from VESSEL to ORGAN / TISSUE

The main function of the heart is to deliver a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body by pumping blood

Main function of the Heart

Atria

Are the receiving chambers of the heart.

Ventricles

Are the pumping chambers of the heart

Vena Cava

It is the largest vein, carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. There are two branches: the superior vena cava, which carries blood from the head and neck region to the right atrium, and the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower parts of the body to the right atrium. (

Pulmonary Artery

Whereas the (?) veins transport oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. (

Aorta

It is known as the largest artery, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to every part of the body. Its branches are the coronary arteries which are responsible for supplying blood to the heart.

Arteries

Are thick-walled to cope with the high pressure of the blood flowing through them. They transport oxygen-rich blood that moves away from the heart

Veins

Have thinner walls than arteries. This is because they easily collapse when cut. Functionally, They convey blood coming from all parts of the body, back to the heart.

Capillaries

Are the smallest blood vessels that are just one cell thick. This is because the exchange of materials, such as gases and nutrients, can easily take place between the blood and the cells. They are located between the arterioles and venules. (1

Lub- DUb

The normal heart sound is typically described as_

Blood pressure

It is a fundamental physiological parameter that measures the force of blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it throughout the circulatory system. (

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure can be measured using a

Blood pressure

it is the force exerted by the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels. (

Cardiac Cycle

The (?) refers to the series that occur during one complete heartbeat

Karl Landsteiner

an Austrian scientist, discovered four blood groups in 1900: A, B, AB, and O. The combination of these components determines an individual's blood type. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930 for his work.

Anemia

• Consistent lack of red blood cells

Genetics

study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring

Gene

• a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

Genome

the entire set of genes in an organism

Alleles

two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

Locus

– a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located

Homozygous

having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic

Heterozygous

having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

Dominant

the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition.

Recessive

an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous.

Genotype

the genetic makeup of an organisms

Phenotype

– the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype + environment)

▪ Monohybrid cross

a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.

Genetics

deals with the study of heredity and variation

Heredity

is the transfer of traits from parent to offspring

Variation

means similarities and differences among organisms.

HEREDITY

IT IS THE TRANSMISSION OF GENES FROM PARENTS TO THE OFFSPRING( children)

chromosomes, gene

TRAITS are determined by the genes on the (?). A (?) is a segment of DNA that determines a trait.

chromosomes

characteristics are passed on in the (?) that offspring inherit from their parents including human characteristics, gender and etc

Body

is made up of different orangs, which are made of tissue

Skin

is one of many different types of tissues in the body

Cells

• are the building blocks of tissues

• Different tissues are made of different cells that cary out different roles

Nucleus

• is the control centre of a cell

• each (?) contains long strands of genetic info

Chromosomes

• cary the genetic info located in the nuclei of cells

• in most (?) are matched in pairs

• “strands”

Chromosomes

• They are made from chromatic or a material consisting of DNA and associated with proteins

• A long stringy aggregate of genes that carries hereditary information

gene

each (?) is a sepertae section of a chromosome and controls a separate characteristic

gene

is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.

Homologous chromosomes

Matching pairs of chromosomes are called (?)

46 chromosomes

In human body cells there are a total of (?) chromosomes, u inherit half (23) your chromosomes from you rmother and from ur father

genotype

the full set of genes of an organism is called its

Genotype

• The genetic makeup of an organism; The gene (or allele) combination an organism has. –

• Example: Tt, ss, GG, Ww

Phenotype

• The physical characteristics of an organism; The way an organism looks –

• Example: Curly hair, straight hair, blue eyes,

u= dominant

Lower= recessive

A gene can be represented using a letter
dominant= ?
Recessive= ?

Gregor Mendel

was the first biologist to use Mathematics – to explain his results quantitatively

deoxyribonnucleic

dna stands for

DNA molecule

chromosomes and the genes they carry are made a molecule called

Punnett Squares

• is the standard way of working out what the possible offspring of two parents will be. –

• It is a helpful tool to show allelic combinations and predict offspring ratios.

scientific name of red

erythrocytes

scientific name of white

Leukocytes

scientific name of platelets

Thrombocytes