[PCOG-LAB-MID] EXAM COVERAGE PT. 2

THIS FLASH CARDS IS ABOUT MIDTERMS EXAM COVERAGE OF PCOG LAB, ACT 5&6.

Preparation of Citric Acid from Calamansi Juice

What is the name of Activity 5?

Citrus microcarpa

What is the scientific name of Calamansi?

Citric Acid

This is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits.

C₆H₈O₇

What is the chemical formula of citric acid?

Sugar Fermentation

What is the reaction involved in the preparation of citric acid?

Sugar Fermentation

Formation of citric acid (simplified biochemical process).

• Flavor enhancer

• Acidulant

• Chelating Agent

• Preservative

What are the four (4) important uses of citric acid?

• Fermentation using Aspergillus niger

• Extraction from citrus fruits

• Chemical synthesis (rare)

What are some commercial production methods of preparation of citric acid?

Aspergillus niger

We can obtain citric acid by fermentation using?

Carbohydrates and Other Compounds

What is the name of Activity 6?

Reducing sugar

Has free aldehyde/ketone group (e.g., glucose).

Free aldehyde/ketone group

What are the functional groups that reducing sugars have?

Glucose

What is an example of reducing sugar?

Non-reducing sugar

No free reducing group (e.g., sucrose).

Sucrose

What is an example of non-reducing sugar?

Sucroe

This is a non-reducing disaccharide with glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose.

Glucose and fructose

Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide with glycosidic linkage between?

• Sweetening agent

• Tablet diluent

• Energy source in syrups

• Preservative

What are the four (4) pharmaceutical importance of sugars?

Sugarcane

Tropical plant; primary commercial source.

Sugar Beet

Temperate plant; alternative industrial source.

Manna

A sweet exudate containing mannitol; used as a mild laxative and sweetening agent.

Carbohydrate Tests

These tests helps in identification, purity testing, and quality control of pharmaceutical raw materials.

1. Identification

2. Purity testing

3. Quality control

The importance of qualitative carbohydrate tests is that they help in (1)_____, (2)_____, and (3)_____ of pharmaceutical raw materials.