midterm>:((((

Cloture

________- (in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote.

Politico

________ model- Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or as delegates, depending on the issue.

General revenue

________ sharing- a type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money.

Super PACs

________- officially known as Independent Expenditure- Only Committees; organizations that can fundraise and spend as they please to support or attack a candidate but not contribute directly to a candidate or strategize with a candidates campaign.

Pork Barrel

________- the use of government funds for projects designed to please voters or legislators and win votes.

Government

________- the means by which a society organizes itself and allocates authority in.

Markup

________- The process by which congressional committees and subcommittees debate, amend, and rewrite proposed legislation.

Fragmentation

________- the result when a large interest group develops diverging needs.

Electoral College

________- the constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting the next U.S. president.

Initiative

________- law or constitutional amendment proposed and passed by the voters and subject to review by the state courts; also called a proposition.

Precinct

________- the lowest level of party organization, usually organized around neighborhoods.

Writ of habeas

________ corpus- a petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that persons detention is legal.

Supremacy clause

________- the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures.

Purposive incentives

________- benefits to overcome collective action problems that appeal to peoples support of the issue or cause.

Totalitarianism

________- a form of government where government is all- powerful and citizens have no rights.

Ideology

________- the beliefs and ideals that help to shape political opinion and eventually policy.

Reapportionment

________- the reallocation of House seats between the states to account for population changes.

Material incentives

________- substantive monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome collective action problems.

Constituency

________- citizens whom a legislator has been elected to represent.

Veto

________- the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress.

Minority rights

________- protections for those who are not part of the majority.

Devolution

________- a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units.

Social capital

________- connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them.

Lobbyist

________- a person who represents an organization before government in an attempt to influence policy.

Efficacy

________- the belief that you make a difference and that government cares about you and your views.

Privileges

________ and immunities clause- found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out- of- staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights.

Alexander Hamilton

The Federalist Papers- a collection of eighty- five essays written by ________, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the Constitution.

Federalists

________- those who supported ratification of the Constitution.

Platform

________- the set of issues important to the political party and the party delegates.

Representative democracy

________- a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws.

Bipartisanship

________- a process of cooperation through compromise.

Tenth Amendment

________- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Chronic minority

________- voters who belong to political parties that tend not to be competitive in national elections because they are too small to become a majority or because of the Electoral College system distribution in their state.

Confederation

________- Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals.

Anti Federalists

________- those who did not support ratification of the Constitution.

Free rider

________ problem- the situation that occurs when some individuals receive benefits (get a(n) ________) without helping to bear the cost.

Bradley

________ effect- the difference between a poll result and an election result in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist.

Ad hoc

________, special or select Committee- A select or special committee of the United States Congress is a congressional committee appointed to perform a special function that is beyond the authority or capacity of a standing committee.

Toll

________ good- a good that is available to many people but is used only by those who can pay the price to do so.

Classical liberalism

________- a political ideology based on belief in individual liberties and rights and the idea of free will, with little role for government.

Bandwagon

________ effect- increased media coverage of candidates who poll high.

congressional committees

Iron triangle- three- way relationship among ________, interests groups, and the bureaucracy.

Congress

Each state has a minimum of one representative in ________.

Personal politics

________- a political style that focuses on building direct relationships with voters rather than on promoting specific issues.

Winner

________- take- all system- all electoral votes for a state are given to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state.

Overt content

________- political information whose author makes clear that only one side is presented.

significant power

Majority party- the legislative party with over half the seats in a legislative body, and thus ________ to control the agenda.

Proportional representation

________- a party- based election rule in which the number of seats a party receives is a function of the share of votes it receives in an election.

Caucus

________- a form of candidate nomination that occurs in a town- hall style format rather than a day- long election; usually reserved for presidential elections.

Plurality

________ voting- the election rule by which the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of vote share.

common goods

goods that all people may use but that are of limited supply

democracy

a form of government where political power rests in the hands of the people

direct democracy

a form of government where people participate directly in making government decisions instead of choosing representatives to do this for them

elite theory

claims political power rests in the hands of a small, elite group of people

government

the means by which a society organizes itself and allocates authority in

ideology

the beliefs and ideals that help to shape political opinion and eventually policy

intense preferences

beliefs and preferences based on strong feelings regarding an issue that someone

latent preferences

beliefs and preferences people are not deeply committed to and that change over time

majority rule

a fundamental principle of democracy; the majority should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole

minority rights

protections for those who are not part of the majority

monarchy

a form of government where one ruler, usually a hereditary one, holds political power

oligarchy

a form of government where a handful of elite society members hold political power

partisanship

strong support, or even blind allegiance, for a particular political party

pluralist theory

claims political power rests in the hands of groups of people

political power

influence over a governments institutions, leadership, or policies

politics

the process by which we decide how resources will be allocated and which policies government will pursue

private goods

goods provided by private businesses that can be used only by those who pay for them

public goods

goods provided by government that anyone can use and that are available to all without charge

representative democracy

a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws

social capital

connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them

toll good

a good that is available to many people but is used only by those who can pay the price to do so

totalitarianism

a form of government where government is all-powerful and citizens have no rights

Anti-Federalists

those who did not support ratification of the Constitution

Articles of Confederation

the first basis for the new nations government; adopted in 1781; created an alliance of sovereign states held together by a weak central government

bicameral legislature

a legislature with two houses, such as the U.S. Congress

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution; most were designed to protect fundamental rights and liberties

checks and balances

a system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch; requires the different parts of government to work together

confederation

a highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes such as mutual defense

Declaration of Independence

a document written in 1776 in which the American colonists proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and listed their grievances against the British king

enumerated powers

the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution (Article I, Section 8); power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs

federal system

a form of government in which power is divided between state governments and a national government

Federalists

those who supported ratification of the Constitution

Great Compromise

a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a twohouse Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate

natural rights

the right to life, liberty, and property; believed to be given by God; no government may take away

New Jersey Plan

a plan that called for a one-house national legislature; each state would receive one vote

republic

a form of government in which political power rests in the hands of the people, not a monarch, and is exercised by elected representatives

reserved powers

any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government

separation of powers

the sharing of powers among three separate branches of government

social contract

an agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be governed so long as the government protects their natural rights

supremacy clause

the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures

The Federalist Papers

a collection of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the Constitution

Three-Fifths Compromise

a compromise between northern and southern states that called for counting of all a states free population and 60 percent of its slave population for both federal taxation and representation in Congress

unicameral legislature

a legislature with only one house, like the Confederation Congress or the legislature proposed by the New Jersey Plan

veto

the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress

Virginia Plan

a plan for a two-house legislature; representatives would be elected to the lower house based on each states population; representatives for the upper house would be chosen by the lower house

Article One

the Legislative BranchThe supremacy of the people through their elected representatives is recognized in Article I, which creates a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives

Article Two

The Executive Branch Under Article II of the Constitution, the President is responsible for the execution and enforcement of the laws created by Congress

Article Three

The Judiciary Branch, guarantees that every person accused of wrongdoing has the right to a fair trial before a competent judge and a jury of one's peers

Article Four

National Unity, outlines the relationship between the various states, as well as the relationship between each state and the United States federal government

Article Five

the amendment process, describes the process for altering the Constitution