1. the Cold War 1943-72 FROM BEGINNING TO COLD WAR- END OF NATO

From beginning of Cold War until end of NATO and Warsaw Pact

the brink of nuclear destruction

what did the Cold War bring the world to?

cause competitions in creating nuclear weapons and space missions

what did the Cold War cause?

CAPITALISM/DEMOCRACY

what ideology did the USA believe in?

capitalism is the economic belief that everyone should be free to own property and business and make money

what is capitalism?

democracy is the political belief that ordinary people should have a say in choosing their government through votes. e.g freedom of speech

what is democracy?

communism

what ideology did the USSR believe in?

believe in protecting the rights of all workers. thing that all property including homes and business should belong to the state.

believe in having a single political party running the country.

what do communists believe?

since 1939 and the help of the 2 superpowers

when had Britain been fighting nazi germany since?

over 4 million germany troops invaded the Soviet Union in spite of a non-aggression pact between germany and the Soviet Union.

what did German troops do in June 1941?

Japan attacked pearl harbour in Hawaii destroying American planes and ships and killing thousands of American soldiers.

in December 1941 what did Japan do?

refused to get involved in what they had seen as a European war

what did America not want to get involved in?

they both joined WW2

what did the USA and the USSR do in 1941?

even bc of their different ideological difference the

**‘ THE BIG THREE’** combined forces to make the

**‘GRAND ALLIANCE’**

what was this called when all the 3 countries came together?

3 times

during the WW2 how many time did the grand alliance meet?

* first met in TEHRAN in November 1943
* aimed to plan a winning strategy to end ww2

when was the first meeting of the grand alliance, and what did they aim to do?

* incredibly weak
* become reliant on American loans
* Churchill very suspicious of stalin; suspected that soviet troops would not be withdrawn from Eastern Europe after the war
* wanted Roosevelt to take a firm stance of communism and be tough will stalin to prevent communism getting stronger

what did Britain think in the Tehran conference?

* suspicious of communism and stalin
* Roosevelt knew he needed the support of stalin if he was to help bring the war to end
* did not want to endanger the alliance by being to harsh on stalin.
* hoped that maintaining a positive relationship would be helpful once the war was over

what did the Americans think in the Tehran conference?

* lost 20 millions people in war
* stalin was eager to see a decisive end to WW2
* wanted to maintain communism in the soviet union and in surrounding Eastern European nation in order to protect him from any similar loss in furutre
* remained convinced that they both wanted to destroy communism
* believed he needed to stand firm during any negotiations.

what did USSR think in Tehran conference?

* usa and Britain would open a ‘second front’ by launching an attack on germany in western europe.
* germans would then have to withdraw troops from USSR to fight in the west.
* stalin would declare war against Japan and supply soviet troops to help the usa with the war against Japan but only once the war in Europe had ended.

what agreements were made in the Tehran conference?

because it would ease pressure on the eastern front

why did the grand alliance want to create a second front?

Poland should receive land from germany, but the USSR could keep land it had seized from Poland in 1939.

what was agreed about Poland in the Tehran conference?

germany from the balkans but Roosevelt had taken stalin side which Stalin was very happy about.

what country did Churchill want to attack?

closing in on Berlin and Germany was close to defeat

by early 1945 what were allied armies doing?

yalta conference feb 1945

discuss the future of post-war Europe

discuss what to do with germany once the war was over.

when was the second meeting and what did they want to discuss?

 

• Germany would be occupied & divided into 4 (Stalin was persuaded to accept France as 4^th)

•   All 3 would join UN (but only 3 soviet republics would have individual membership)

• Eastern Europe would be Soviet sphere

• Stalin agreed to allow free elections in east  –Yalta Declaration

• After major disagreement, it was agreed that

  • Germany to pay $20 bn reparations, 50% to USSR; not final decision.

  •  Poland’s borders would be moved west if Stalin stayed out of Greece

agreements at Yalta

* managed to push the germany army back all the way to berlin
* leading nazis had killed themselves surrender or were caught and the war was over for most nations

in April 1945 what did the Russians manage to do?

Potsdam conference august 1945

* wanted to make final decisions about future of Europe and and what should happen to germany once the war was completely over.

when was the 3rd meeting and what did they hoped to discuss?

8

by July how many countries did the soviet troops occupy?

* Communist government in Poland ignoring both the wishes of the poles and the agreements made at yalta. he insisted it was justified as protection against future attack

what did stalin set up in Poland?

Roosevelt died in April 1945

president Truman adopted to get a tough approach with stalin

who replaced Roosevelt and when did he die?

been developing atomic weapons in secret as part of the Manhattan project.

what had the USA been developing as part of what project?

delayed it until the day after they had successfully tested an atomic bomb.

stalin found out.

why did Truman delay the conference?

he lost the general election in 1945 and was replaced by the new prime minister Clement Attlee.

halfway through the conference what happened to Churchill?

in may 1945

when did germany completely surrender?

bc there was a new leader Truman who wanted to use the atomic bomb to intimidate stalin .

why was there more tension in the grand alliance at the Potsdam conference

* germany and Berlin were to be split in 4 zones:
* britain
* usa
* france
* ussr
* nazi party was banned in germany- democracy was to be established in germany including free elections and a free press.
* germany expected to pay reparations.
* all superpowers would participate in the united nations.

what agreements were made at the Potsdam conference?

* How much Germany should pay in reparation:

ussr wanted germany to pay huge sums as punishment for the losses of USSR had suffered.

eventually agreed that britan, France, USA and USSR, should take their reparations from their own zones of germany
* truman was beginning to see red army as an army of occupation. worried they were going to stay in countries that had been controlled by nazis and take over rather than letting country be free.

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* diagreeement truman objected the arrangement for Poland and the borders that have been agreed. wanted to see a new government in Poland will less communist influence

what disagreements were made at the Potsdam conference?

* USA secret project to develop the atomic bomb had begun in 1939.
* top secret even within US government.
* convinced that atomic weapons could help the USA wind WW2 and prevent USSR from gaining influence

what was the Manhattan project and when was it?

America dropped an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

on 6th august 1945 what did America do?

a second one was released over Nagasaki. blast was = to over 12,000 tones of the TNT explosive material.

12,000 japanses civilians were killed

3 days after the first atomic bomb was released in Hiroshima what happened?

bc stalin would want to make his own and test it.

why might Truman have wanted to keep this bomb a secret from stalin?

* president Truman became more confident and determined in the negotiations at Potsdam because of the USA’s nuclear power
* stalin felt more determined to make the Soviet Union more secure. now aimed to make a buffer zone of countries sympathetic to communism in easter Europe that would provide a layer of security between the USSR and germany.
* countries in Western Europe were more inclined to work closely with America for protection and security after the war
* a nuclear arms race began.

how did the atomic bomb affect superpower relations from 1945?

* freed many countries in Eastern Europe from nazis

in the years 1944 and 1945 what did the soviet red army do?

* turn nations in Eastern Europe into satellite states with communist government.
* this could make up a useful soviet ‘sphere of influence in Eastern Europe’.

what was stalin determined to do to protect the ussr from future invasions?

tried to restore nation democracy

what did the Czech government under benes try to do after war?

bc he saw it as a threat to the communist buffer zone

why did stalin not want the Czech government to restore nation democracy?

staged a coup (violent takeover) in feb 1948

what did the soviets help to stage in Czechoslovakia?

Klement Gottwald

who came to power in Czechoslovakia in 1948?

used the tactics of merging with other political parties + challenge the power of their greatest opponents

what did the communists do to get more votes in elections?

a communist gov was elected into power in Hungary

what happens during the 1947 election in Hungary and what was the outcome?

pro communist gov

after rigged elections in 1947, what kind of government was installed in Poland?

forced to flee or face imprisonment

what happened to other non-communist politicians in Poland?

American diplomatic in Moscow

American ambassador who lived and worked in the USSR.

who was George Kennan ?

sent an 8000 word telegram (private message) to president Truman and the US state department discussing relations between usa and ussr.

suggested strategies to Truman about how he should deal with USSR.

in feb 1946 what did Kennan send?

kennan’s long telegram:

stated that the ussr saw capitalism as a threat to communism and believed that capitalism had to be destroyed.

peace not possible tough stand

what was the first telegram that was sent and what was it called?

visited America and gave a famous speech in Fulton, Missouri.

Truman was present when Churchill made his speech:

**IRON CURTAIN SPEECH:**

* said that the USSR was a threat to freedom and world peace.
* accused the USSR of seizing power in countries in eastern Europe as he recognised that communism was spreading
* INCREASED TENSION

what did Churchill do in march 1946?

his own telegram to stalin:

**NOVIKOV TELEGRAM:**

* believed that Americans no longer wanted to co-operate with the Soviet Union and the American people would support their government if this led to war.
* told the soviet gov that he believed the USA would do anything to achieve world domination in order to promote their ideologies of democracy and capitalism

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In September 1946 what did Nikolai Novikov send”

delivered an important speech to the US Congress in Washington D.C: **TRUMAN DOCTRINE**

* stated that he would provide $400 million in aid packages to Greece and turkey, and sent US military to the region in order to prevent the spread of communism.
* stated there are 2 ways of life. democracy over communism as good over evil,
* every effort to contain communism.
* use economic and financial aid to support countries and prevent spread of communism.

On 12th of march 1947 what did Truman do?

* practical outcome of the Truman doctrine: providing economic aid to help war torn countries in order to stop communism from taking over in Western Europe.

what was the Marshall plan?

they would use money to expand America’s power and influence

what is meant by the term ‘dollar imperialism’?

* a defensive measure to contain communism

how did Truman see his new policy?

form 2 new organizations:

* cominform
* comecon

what two new organisations did stalin form?

22nd September 1947

when was cominform set up?

9 members

how many members did cominform have?

a new way of directing and controlling the government of the satellite states

what did cominform allow stalin to do?

to concentrate on trading with other cominform members and all contact with non communist countries was discouraged.

what were communists satellite states encouraged to do and to reject?

accepting marshal aid

what did stalin ban communist satellite states from doing?

to provide aid in line with communist principles

why did stalin create comecon?

25 jan 1949

when was Comecon created?

support economic development in it’s member states

what did Comecon aim to do?

4 zones

how many zones of occupations was germany to be divided into after ww2?

they were expected to cooperate and govern germany together through an allied control commission

How were the allies supposed to govern germany after WW2?

the minority communist group took control of the eastern zone

who did the Soviet Union ensure took control of the eastern zone of germany?

because the socialist majority were supported by the western powers

why did the soviets fail to secure communist control of Berlin?

to use Marshall aid to speed up the economic recovery of germany

what did the west want for the future of germany?

to prevent them from a future attack

why did the soviet union want to keep germany weak after WW2?

not allowed to trade with the other 3 zones

what was the eastern zone of germany not allowed to do?

by road, canal and air

how were the western allies able to access their sectors of Berlin?

to observe soviet activities

why did the western allies want to remain in Berlin?

bizonia was created- the us and British zones in berlin and west germany merged into one economic unit.

ussr saw a threat as it had been agreed that there should be an allied control commission governing Germany

what was created in jan 1947 and why was it seen as a threat?

lots of Marshall aid

what did the usa begin to give western zones of germany in 1948?

march 1948 the French zone in the west of germany joined bizonia and then trizonia

what was trizonia and when was it created?

walked out of the allied control commission complaining that the western attitudes and actions made it impossible to govern Germany together

how did the ussr respond to the allied zones being included in the Marshall plan?

* announced plans to create a separate west Germany state
* agreed to create a new currency for west germany and West Berlin called DEUTSCHEMARK. introduced on 23rd June 1948

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what 2 actions were taken by the west in June 1948?

outraged and introduced its own currency for east germany the OSTMARK.

now germany had 2 systems of government and 2 currencies

how did the USSR respond to the western powers making a new currency and a separate germany state?

believed that the west were trying to permanently divide germany.

wanted germany to be a united, communist country.

after these new changes were made to germany what did stalin believe the west were doing?

stand firm against the west, to show his strength and to protect soviet interests in germany.

by 1948 what was stalin more determined to do?

accused the west of interfering in the soviet zone of germany.

cut off all road, rail and canal traffic in an attempt to starve West Berlin

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BERLIN BLOCKADE

on 24 June 1948 what did stalin do?

soviet zone

which zone of germany was berlin in?

because he Wass worried that they might attack or they would switch to capitalism because they would go to America and see how their way of life is which is better than communists starving.

why didn’t stalin want the western allies in berlin?

1- essential that they did not allow the 2 million west Berliners to starve

**they couldn’t force their way through the road and railway blockades and this is seen as an act of war so…**

2- he supplied berlin by air. used western air forces to get essential supplies and food into city.

what 2 important decisions did the western powers have to make when stalin blockaded berlin?

a symbol of freedom behind the iron curtain

what did truman want berlin to be?

stalin might order the american plane to be shot down.

what was always a risk during an airlift into West Berlin?

28 June 1948 10 month

when did the berlin airlift begin and how long did it last for?

4600 tons every day

how many tons of supplies were being flown into West Berlin in September 1948?

food, clothing, oil and building materials

what supplies were being flown into berlin?

12 may 1949

when did the berlin blockade end?

failed to show his strength and win a propaganda victory against the west.

it backfired

why was the blockade a failure for stalin?

1- it damaged Stalin’s reputation by making him appear to be an aggressor

2- confirmed the permanent division of Germany and Berlin

3- increased East-Germany rivalry and intensified the arms (weapons) race

4- the creation of NATO confirmed the division of Europe into two competing sides

what were four major effects of berlin blockade?

damaged it by making him look like an aggressor

how did the berlin blokcade affect Stalin’s reputation?