Issues in Health Exam 1 + 2

The current Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) primarily consists of ________.

(a) Combinations of multiple nucleosides and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

(b) Timed dosing of reverse transcriptase inhibitors followed by integrase inhibitors and then protease inhibitors

(c) Timed dosing of fusion inhibitors then reverse transcriptase inhibitors and integrase inhibitors
(d) Vaccines

(a) Combinations of multiple nucleosides and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Which of the following represents the most common types of cancer-related deaths in men in order?

(a) Lung, colon & rectum, prostate

(b) Prostate, lung, colon & rectum

(c) Colon & rectum, prostate, lung

(d) Lung, prostate, colon & rectum

(e) None of the above

(d) Lung, prostate, colon & rectum

Which of the following hormones has been shown to be protective against the development of cardiovascular disease?

(a) Testosterone

(b) Estrogen

(c) Human growth hormone

(d) IGF-1
(e) None of the above

(b) Estrogen

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria from which the Healthy Diet Score is calculated?

(a) Eating at least 4.5 cups of fruit or vegetables per day

(b) Keeping saturated fats to less than 7% of the total calories consumed per day

(c)Keeping sugar-sweetened beverages to less than 36 oz per week

(d) None of the above

(d) None of the above

People with a mutation of what protein seem to have some protection against HIV infection?

(a) gp120

(b) gp41

(c) CCR5

(d) Bclx

(e) eNOS

(c) CCR5

Which criteria must be met for an HIV positive individual to be diagnosed with AIDS?

(a) A CD4+ helper lymphocyte blood count of

(d) Two of the above

Which of the following represents the type of cancer with the highest incidence in women in order?

(a) Lung, colon & rectum, breast

(b) Breast, lung, colon & rectum

(c) Colon & rectum, breast, lung

(d) Lung, breast, colon & rectum

(e) None of the above

(b) Breast, lung, colon & rectum

The death of Karen Ann Quinlan is cited historically for ____________.

(a) redefining brain death

(b) the first legal case validating advanced directives

(c) the development of physician-assisted suicide

(d) none of the above

(b) the first legal case validating advanced directives

Cancer can best be defined as _________.

(a) a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue

(b) an infectious disease that results in the uncontrolled growth of the body's own cells

(c) a disease in which cells with a high rate of growth invade different parts of the body resulting in tumors causing breast, prostate, colon, lung, and other cancers.

(d) the uncontrolled growth of tumors, which are cells that have invaded the body's tissues

(a) a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue

During most of the disease course in the progression from HIV to AIDS the immune system is _______________.

(a) Hypoactivated

(b) Hyperactivated

(c) Normal

(b) Hyperactivated

About what percentage of people 75+ years of age have cardiovascular disease in the U.S.?

(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 95%

(c) 75%

(T/F) Because mosquitoes carry the blood of their victims, they can spread HIV by biting another individual.

False

As discussed in-class, a major limitation of the paper "Should they also have babies? Community Attitudes towards Sexual and Reproductive Rights of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria" was _____________________.

(a) The low number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

(b) Language barriers when conducting the survey

(c) Lack of diversity in the sample which may not reflect the attitudes of "Nigeria" as a whole.

(d) Improper statistical interpretation

(c) Lack of diversity in the sample which may not reflect the attitudes of "Nigeria" as a whole.

What is the lifetime probability for men and women of developing cancer?

(a) Men 1 in 2, Women 1 in 2

(b) Men 1 in 2, Women 1 in 3

(c) Men 1 in 3, Women 1 in 3

(d)Men 1 in 6, Women 1 in 7

(e) None of the above

(b) Men 1 in 2, Women 1 in 3

What percentage of individuals experience no or few symptoms in the weeks after an HIV infection?

(a) 0%

(b) 30%

(c) 60%

(d) 90%

(b) 30%

Based on the slides and class discussion, what would be the best description of a "vegetative state"?

(a) Presence of partial/minimal consciousness or awareness

(b) Presence of arousal, but not the ability to interact with the environment

(c) A state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be awakened

(d) Absence of brain stem activity

(e) No outward/external signs of awareness, but accurate forms of brain activity monitored by MRI in response to specific questions

(b) Presence of arousal, but not the ability to interact with the environment

Which of the following provides the best description of an angioplasty?

(a) The placement of a mesh tube inside the artery to hold open the blocked vessel

(b) Insertion of catheter from the femoral artery to the coronary arteries in which a dye is injected to map areas of blockage

(c) Use of a fluid filled balloon at the end of a catheter to push open a vessel clogged by plaque

(d) Surgical intervention in which the blocked area is bypassed by sewing a vessel harvested from another part of the body into the areas above and below the blockage.

(e) None of the above

(c) Use of a fluid filled balloon at the end of a catheter to push open a vessel clogged by plaque

Obesity is considered a risk a factor for cardiovascular disease when percent body fat exceeds what threshold?

(a) 18% in men

(b) 25% in women

(c) 23% in men

(d) 32% in women

(e) None of the above

(d) 32% in women

Which of the following was not part of the Terri Schiavo story?

(a) The legality of her advance directive

(b) Removal of her feeding tube on multiple occasions

(c) A Florida state law called "Terri's law"

(d) A federal law signed by the president called "Palm Sunday Compromise"

(e) None of the above

(a) The legality of her advance directive

According to the WHO the leading causes of death worldwide in 2016 in order were?

(a) Ischaemic Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD

(b) HIV/AIDS, cancer, accidents, cardiovascular disease

(c) Ischaemic Heart disease, lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, stroke

(d) Ischaemic Heart disease, stroke/cerebrovascular disease, COPD, lower respiratory infections

(d) Ischaemic Heart disease, stroke/cerebrovascular disease, COPD, lower respiratory infections

Based on the video in class regarding the study published in the New England Journal of Medicine which showed how patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state could answer questions based on changes in their functional MRI scans, continued reliance on observable behaviors to diagnose disorders of consciousness could overlook patients that are ________________.

(a) Aware but behaviorally silent

(b) Brain dead

(c) Awake and aware

(d) Suffering from abnormal cerebral blood flow

(e) None of the answers are correct

(a) Aware but behaviorally silent

Which of the following represents the threshold value for total cholesterol that is considered high risk for coronary heart disease?

(a)

(d) >200 mg/dL

Which of the following states was the first to pass a law legalizing physician-assisted suicide?

(a) Texas
(b) Virginia
(c) California
(d) Oregon
(e) New Hampshire

(d) Oregon

According to the WHO organization what were the leading causes of death in 2016 for low income countries in order?

(a) Ischaemic heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD

(b) HIV/AIDS, cancer, accidents, cardiovascular disease

(c) Lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, ischemic heart disease, HIV/AIDS

(d) Neonatal conditions, lower respiratory infections, ischaemic heart disease, stroke

(c) Lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, ischemic heart disease, HIV/AIDS

Which of the following is not classified as a major risk factor for heart disease (i.e. increases risk by 2-fold)?

(a) High cholesterol

(b) Hypertension

(c) Stress

(d) Physical Inactivity

(e) Smoking

(c) Stress

(T/F) HIV infection can be detected from a sample of saliva/oral fluids.

True

The median time between untreated HIV infection and the development of AIDS is?

(a) 2-3 years
(b) 5-7 years
(c) 10-12 years
(d) 20-22 years

(c) 10-12 years

Statistics from the CDC show that from 1989-2007 the percentage of people dying at home has _________ and the percentage of people dying in the hospital has ____________.

(a) increased, increased

(b) decreased, increased

(c) increased, decreased

(d) decreased, decreased

(e) Both have stayed about the same

(c) increased, decreased

Cells making up a tumor in the brain that has metastasized from testicular cancer contains cells that are most like ____________ cancer cells.

(a) Lymphatic
(b) Testicular
(c) Lung
(d) Benign

(b) Testicular

According to the reading "Are We Equal in Death?...", which of the following is one of the inconsistencies found among hospitals in determining brain death based on the AAN guidelines?

(a) All of the answers are correct

(b) None of the answers are correct

(c) Paying attention to low body temperature

(d) Determining the presence of sedative or paralytic medicines

(e) Determining the presence of metabolic disorders

(a) All of the answers are correct

According to the reading, "Are We Equal in Death?...", which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of brain death?

(a) All these conditions must be met

(b) Absence of brainstem activity

(c) Absence of motor responses

(d) A repeat evaluation in ~6h with no change in symptoms/diagnosis

(a) All these conditions must be met

What is the most likely reason the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is among the highest funded institutes of the NIH?

(a) Potential for major outbreaks

(b) Increases in the number and severity of colds

(c) Increases in allergies due to global warming

(d) HIV/AIDS is among the leading causes of death in the U.S.

(e) The NIAID is not one of the most funded institutes in the NIH

(a) Potential for major outbreaks

Which institute receives the highest amount of funding within the NIH?

(a) National Heart Blood and Lung Institute

(b) National Institute of Aging

(c) National Institute of Arthritis

(d) National Cancer Institute

(d) National Cancer Institute

Which of the following is the most likely reason that cardiovascular disease is one of the most prominent global health issues?

(a) Mortality rate

(b) Celebrity endorsement

(c) Lifetime probability

(d) Infectiousness

(e) Prevalence

(a) Mortality rate

Which term is best defined as the number of new cases of condition, symptom, death or injury that develop during a specific time period, such as a year?

(a) Relative risk

(b) Incidence

(c) Prevalence

(d) Relative mortality

(b) Incidence

Which of the following are potential targets for the treatment of HIV?

(a) Reverse transcriptase
(b) Fusion proteins
(c) Integrase
(d) A and C
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

Which of the following types of cancer is the most common cause of death in children (age 0-14) in the U.S.?

(a) Leukemia
(b) Brain cancer
(c) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
(d) Kidney
(e) Bone

(b) Brain cancer

The effects of cancer on an individual is dependent on _______________.

(a) The stage of the disease
(b) The type of treatment
(c) The type of cancer
(d) Two of the above
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

High blood pressure or hypertension is clinically diagnosed when a person has consistent blood pressure readings of more than what value?

(a) 120/80 mmHg
(b) 140/90 mmHg
(c) 160/100 mmHg
(d) 180/110 mmHg

(b) 140/90 mmHg

According to the American Heart Association the type of cardiovascular disease that accounts for the most number of deaths is:

(a) High blood pressure
(b) Stroke
(c) Coronary heart disease
(d) Diseases of the arteries
(e) None of the above

(c) Coronary heart disease

According to the American Cancer Society statistics ___________.

(a) Cancer incidence rates are lower in black females compared to white females but cancer death rates are higher.

(b) Cancer incidence rates for black males and females are higher than both white males and females

(c) Cancer death rates are lower in black males and females compared to Asian/Pacific Islanders

(d) None of these statistics are correct

(a) Cancer incidence rates are lower in black females compared to white females but cancer death rates are higher.

Which of the following types of cancer has the lowest relative survival rate in the U.S.?

(a) Pancreas
(b) Colon
(c) Leukemia
(d) Lung
(e) Prostrate

(a) Pancreas

Which of the following represents the major finding of the authors in the paper Neighborhood Contexts and Breast Cancer among Asian American Women?

(a) Asian American women living in neighborhoods with high nSES and high ethnic composition had the highest odds of breast cancer

(b) Asian American women living in neighborhoods with high nSES and low ethnic composition had the highest odds of breast cancer

(c) Asian American women living in neighborhoods with high nSES and high ethnic composition had the lowest odds of breast cancer

(d) Asian American women living in neighborhoods with low nSES and high ethnic composition had the highest odds of breast cancer

(a) Asian American women living in neighborhoods with high nSES and high ethnic composition had the highest odds of breast cancer

Which of the following types of cancer has the highest relative survival rate in the U.S.?

(a) Pancreas
(b) Colon
(c) Leukemia
(d) Lung
(e) Prostrate

(e) Prostrate

HIV mutates rapidly because ______________.

(a) DNA polymerase lacks proof-reading capability

(b) Integrase lacks proof-reading capability

(c) Reverse transcriptase lacks proof-reading capability

(d) It blocks the host cells protein synthesis pathways

(e) All of the above

(c) Reverse transcriptase lacks proof-reading capability

What branch of the U.S. Government is responsible for implementing health policies?

(a) Executive
(b) Defense
(c) Judicial
(d) Legislative

(a) Executive

What Department of the U.S. government is primarily responsible for overseeing the nation's health?

(a) Department of Agriculture
(b) Department of Labor
(c) Department of Housing and Urban Development
(d) Department of Health and Human Services
(e) Department of the Surgeon General

(d) Department of Health and Human Services

HIV was first identified in the United States in _________.

(a) Late 1960's
(b) Early 1970's
(c) Late 1970's
(d) Early 1980's
(e) Late 1980's

(d) Early 1980's

(T/F) If two individuals are both infected with HIV, then condom use is no longer necessary to prevent infection.

False

In the paper on Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease the authors report that ________.

(a) Studies so far demonstrate that Vitamin D supplements, at least in vitamin D-sufficient subjects, are not beneficial for cardiovascular health.

(b) Two of the answers are correct

(c) Although Vitamin D supplementation improves cardivascular health, there is no clear role of Vitamin D in cardiac cell signalling.

(d) Vitamin D is essential for cardiovascular integrity, especially for the regulation of vascular
tone and as an antifibrotic and antihypertrophic signaling pathway in the heart.

(b) Two of the answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the characteristics of the fetus at the end of the first trimester?

(a) Fetus is approximately 3 inches
(b) Movement has begun
(c) Baby begins to hear and swallow
(d) Heart is beating
(e) Fingers and toes have formed

(c) Baby begins to hear and swallow

The first detectable heart beat in a fetus by ultrasound best represents _____________________.

(a) a group of developing cardiomycytes that spontaneously contract due to leaky membrane potentials.

(b) a fully functioning heart that is circulating blood

(c) the sound the heart valves make when they close.

(d) the sound of turbulent blood flow through the blood vessels.

(a) a group of developing cardiomycytes that spontaneously contract due to leaky membrane potentials.

(T/F) Current cloning techniques do not involve the destruction of an embryo during the first stage when the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to a donor egg.

True

(T/F) In the paper that describes the cloning of Dolly, the authors report having greater success producing cloned sheep from fetal fibroblast cells compared to the technique used to clone Dolly

True

Abortions utilizing, dilation and extraction (D&X) also referred to as partial birth abortion is typically performed:

(a)Before 10 weeks of pregnancy
(b) Between 12-15 weeks of pregnancy
(c) Between 15-21 weeks of pregnancy
(d) After 21 weeks of pregnancy
(e) None of the above

(d) After 21 weeks of pregnancy

Pregnancy is diagnosed clinically when _______________.

(a) Fertilization occurs
(b) When cell division reaches approximately 100 cells.
(c) The zygote reaches the uterus
(d) Elevated levels of hCG are detected and verified by ultrasound
(e) All of the above

(d) Elevated levels of hCG are detected and verified by ultrasound

Which of the following best represents the limit of viability?

(a) Time of gestation in which the likelihood of survival of the fetus is 25%
(b) Time of gestation in which the likelihood of survival of the fetus is 50%
(c) Time of gestation in which the likelihood of survival of the fetus is 75%
(d) Time of gestation in which the likelihood of survival of the fetus is 85%

(b) Time of gestation in which the likelihood of survival of the fetus is 50%

Implantation typically occurs _________________.

(a) 24 hours after fertilization
(b) 48 hours after fertilization
(c) 72 hours after fertilization
(d) 6-8 days after fertilization
(e) None of the above

(d) 6-8 days after fertilization

Which of the following was part of the video "If by Chance We Meet Again" about the cloned bull, Second Chance?

(a) Chance was cloned by Texas A&M University because they needed to clone an older animal

(b) The owner's were upset because the original bull, Chance, was much calmer and less aggressive than Second Chance at the same age (i.e. before age 7).

(c) The owner's plan to clone Second Chance when he dies.
Second Chance was created to explore the ethical issues surrounding the cloning of pets.

(d) None of the above.

(a) Chance was cloned by Texas A&M University because they needed to clone an older animal

Which of the following are considered potential non-traditional sources of organs?

(a) Animals

(b) Stem cells

(c) All of these

(d) Artificial or mechanical organs

(c) All of these

Which of the following best describes the concept of "preferred status" for organ donors?

(a) Individuals with the most value to society are ranked higher on the waiting list

(b) Individuals who have successfully received a prior organ transplant are preferred for subsequent transplants

(c) Individuals who opt-in as organ donors are preferred over those who have not.

(d) Individuals choose the recipients that they prefer their organs be donated to

(e) None of the above

(c) Individuals who opt-in as organ donors are preferred over those who have not.

The case study involving the gene that codes for the CCR5 receptor ________________.

(a) Examines whether a patent on a diagnostic test for a particular genetic disorder prevents other diagnostic tests from being developed even if the original patent is not clearly defined or sufficiently described.

(b) Examines whether there are sufficient safeguards to enable the patent system to be corrected where patents that assert property rights over DNA sequences are too broad.

(c) Examines whether patents should be granted for genetic sequences despite the fact that the utility or primary function/importance of that sequence has yet to be identified.

(d) Examines whether multiple patents for the same gene or protein creates complex legal problems that hinder research.

(c) Examines whether patents should be granted for genetic sequences despite the fact that the utility or primary function/importance of that sequence has yet to be identified.

Which of the following is not a recommended criterion for granting patents for genetic material?

(a) The applicant must identify a novel genetic sequence
(b) The applicant must specify the sequence's product
(c) The applicant must specify how the product functions in nature –i.e., its use
(d) The details of the patent should enable one skilled in the field to use the sequence for its stated purpose
(e) The applicant must identify the location of the gene as well as the complimentary DNA sequence.

(e) The applicant must identify the location of the gene as well as the complimentary DNA sequence.

Which of the following are non-medical criteria for evaluating transplant candidacy?

(a) Life expectancy
(b) Organ failure caused by behavior
(c) Compliance/adherence to medical regimen
(d) Repeat transplantation
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

Dolly, the sheep, was cloned from what cell type?

(a) Mammary epithelium
(b) Fetal Fibroblast
(c) Embryonic
(d) None of the above

(a) Mammary epithelium

Based on the terminology used in by the President's Council on Bioethics, somatic cell nuclear transfer for production human stem cells would be called ________.

(a) Reproductive Cloning
(b) Cloning-to-produce-children
(c) Cloning-for-biomedical-research
(d) None of the above

(c) Cloning-for-biomedical-research

Which of the following organ transplants has the highest percentage of recipients surviving after 1 year?

(a) Liver
(b) Lung
(c) Heart
(d) Kidney

(d) Kidney

(T/F) Dedifferentiating somatic cells back to totipotency, avoids the ethical problems associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.

False

Stem cell therapy has been considered a possible therapy for which of the following diseases?

(a) Cardiovascular disease

(b) Type I diabetes

(c) Parkinson's Disease

(d) All of these diseases

(d) All of these diseases

In Paper 5 - The decision-making process for the fate of frozen embryos by Japanese infertile women - a qualitative study the concept of "mottainai" can best be described as _________________.

(a) a sense of regret over waste
(b) family
(c) shame
(d) the desire to do the "right" thing

(a) a sense of regret over waste

Most adult stem cells are considered _____________________.

(a) totipotent
(b) embryonic
(c) pluripotent
(d) multipotent

(d) multipotent

Fertilization normally occurs ______________.

(a) In the fallopian tubes
(b) In the uterus
(c) After implantation
(d) 3-5 days after ovulation
(e) None of the above

(a) In the fallopian tubes

Non-invasive, medication-induced abortions can be used in up to ___________ weeks of pregnancy.

(a) 9
(b) 12
(c) 15
(d) 21

(a) 9

The genetic difference for Down's Syndrome is an example of __________.

(a) Monosomy
(b) Trisomy
(c) Translocation
(d) Deletion
(e) Inversion
Inversion

(b) Trisomy

(T/F) The sixth week of pregnancy occurs approximately 4 weeks after fertilization.

True

Most (89%) abortions in the U.S. occur by _________ of pregnancy.

(a) 8 weeks
(b) 12 weeks
(c) 15 weeks
(d) 21 weeks

(b) 12 weeks

The majority conclusion of the President's Council on Bioethics with regard to human cloning included which of the following?

(a) A four-year moratorium on cloning-for-biomedical-research which has since passed
(b) Continued, but regulated use of cloned embryos for biomedical research
(d) Acceptance of the current practices of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
(c) Acceptance of the use of human embryos created through in vitro fertilization

(a) A four-year moratorium on cloning-for-biomedical-research which has since passed

Which of the following is NOT a potential problem for providing financial incentives to organ donors?

(a) Who pays the organ donor or donor family?
(b) How much money is paid for an organ?
(c) Economic disparities result influencing decisions
(d) Potential for coercion
(e) None of the above

(e) None of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of typically reported characteristics of cloned animals?

(a) Obesity
(b) Sterility
(c) Musculoskeletal abnormalities
(d) Aggressive behaviors

(b) Sterility

The case study on liver transplant presented in class was about _____.

(a) Prof. Harris' father
(b) Lance Armstrong
(c) Prof. Harris
(d) Steve Jobs

(a) Prof. Harris' father

One of the major findings of Paper 4 - Correlates of Social Work Students Abortion Knowledge and Attitudes - Implications for Education and Research is that ______.

(a) social work students report have little knowledge of abortion while feeling confident they could help a client with abortion information.

(b) social work students feared attacks if they provided abortion information to clients

(c) social work students tended to be primarily male minorities.

(d) social work students received at least one class or a unit in a class regarding abortion during their training.

(a) social work students report have little knowledge of abortion while feeling confident they could help a client with abortion information.

Which of the following would be an argument for the concept of presumed consent for organ donation?

(a) Asking for consent from the family members may be difficult
(b) Individual choice can be respected
(c) Individuals owe society the effort to register their objection
(d) organ donation
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

The oldest embryo to result in a live birth was frozen for approximately __________________.

(a) 27 years
(b) 7 years
(c) 37 years
(d)17 years

(a) 27 years

When determining the timeline for the normal 40 week human gestation period, Day 0 is considered to be:

(a) The start of the last menstrual period
(b) When fertilization occurs
(c) After implantation when hCG levels are elevated
(d) The end of the last period
(e) The expected start date of the first missed period

(a) The start of the last menstrual period

What is a telomere

(a) A marker of DNA replication and genetic age
(b) A type of chromosome
(c) A region of non-repeating DNA at the end of a chromosome
(d) All of the above

(a) A marker of DNA replication and genetic age

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the "morning after pill" or Plan B?

(a) Contains high doses of normal oral birth control pills
(b) Must be taken within 24 h of unprotected sex
(c) Inhibits implantation
(d) None of the above

(b) Must be taken within 24 h of unprotected sex

Which of the following is best defined as the parts of the gene sequence that is expressed?

(a) Exons
(b) Telomeres
(c) Trons
(d) Introns

(a) Exons

Which of the following is true about human genes?

(a) Humans have approximately 250,000 different genes
(b) Genes are the functional and physical units of heredity
(c) A variant of a specific genes is called an isotope
(d) Genes contain only translated information
(e) All of the above

(b) Genes are the functional and physical units of heredity

Which of the following is one of the ethical issues surrounding genetic testing?

(a) Accuracy of the tests
(b) Discrimination
(c) Psychological impacts
(d) Privacy and confidentiality
(e) All of the above

(e) All of the above

Epigenetics can be defined as __________________.

(a) the study of superficial genetic traits such as eye color.
(b) the study of genes in the epidermal layer that determine skin color
(c) the study of genes that regulate the expression of the stress hormone, epinephrine
(d) the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. (e.g. DNA methylation and histone modification)

(d) the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. (e.g. DNA methylation and histone modification)

The case study involving the patenting of the BRCA-1 gene sequence, mutations, and diagnostic tests ______.

(a) Examines whether rights to a DNA sequence is so broad as to extend to rights to the exclusive use of that DNA sequence in diagnostic tests or the development of vaccines.

(b) Examines whether a patent on a diagnostic test for a particular genetic disorder prevents other diagnostic tests from being developed even if the original patent is not clearly defined or sufficiently described.

(c) Examines whether there are sufficient safeguards to enable the patent system to be corrected where patents that assert property rights over DNA sequences are too broad.

(d) Examines whether patents should be granted for genetic sequences despite the fact that the utility or primary function/importance of that sequence has yet to be identified.

(b) Examines whether a patent on a diagnostic test for a particular genetic disorder prevents other diagnostic tests from being developed even if the original patent is not clearly defined or sufficiently described.

Which of the following is a primary argument in support of gene patenting?

(a) avoids extensive and costly legal battles
(b) may increase the cost of healthcare such as diagnostic tests
(c) promotes investment/funding
(d) increases the likelihood of duplicated efforts

(c) promotes investment/funding

Pluripotent stem cells are best defined as _________________.

(a) Cells developed from an egg
(b) Cells that contain all the genetic material necessary to develop into any cell in the body and the placenta
(c) Cells that can develop into any cell in the body except the placenta
(d) Cells that can develop into the specific tissue from which they were derived.
(e)None of the above

(c) Cells that can develop into any cell in the body except the placenta

Which of the following is true regarding Dilation and Curettage?

(a) Typically performed before 9 weeks of pregnancy
(b) Involves scraping of the uterine lining
(c) Involves the use of partial delivery of live fetus
(d) May involve the use of salt water, urea, or potassium chloride to terminate the viability of the pregnancy

(b) Involves scraping of the uterine lining

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of genetic testing?

(a) Tests can only be conducted using adult cells
(b) Inability to detect all mutations that cause disease
(c) Positive results do not necessarily mean an individual will develop the disease
(d) Positive test does not predict the severity of the disease
(e) Genetic diseases may require environmental influence to be expressed

(a) Tests can only be conducted using adult cells

The Hyde Amendment which has been renewed as part of the annual appropriations bill since 1977 _____________.

(a) allowed for coverage of abortion care for federal employees and low-income individuals on Medicaid.

(b) gave the federal government the authority to decide who can receive an abortion.

(c) makes abortion illegal in the United States with the exception of rape, incest, and life endangerment now that Roe v Wade has been overturned.

(d) Prohibits the use of federal funds for abortion with exceptions for rape, incest, and life endangerment.

(d) Prohibits the use of federal funds for abortion with exceptions for for rape, incest, and life endangerment.

As discussed in class a surprising result reported in Paper 6 - Navigating the COVID19 pandemic Initial impacts and responses of the Organ (2020) was ______________.

(a) the rapid return to near "normal" levels of organ donations and transplantations early in the pandemic

(b) the increase in lung transplantations above normal levels late in 2020

(c) lack of data pertaining to organ donation and transplantation

(d) the rapid decline in organ donations and transplantations immediately soon after the U.S. declared a national state of emergency

(a) the rapid return to near "normal" levels of organ donations and transplantations early in the pandemic

Which of the following is considered an argument for gene patenting?

(a) Promotes investment in genetic research
(b) Hinders development of new tests and treatments for genetic disorders by requiring other researchers to obtain licenses
(c) Inhibits the free exchange of information between researchers
(d) Causes extensive and costly legal battles

(a) Promotes investment in genetic research

(T/F)
Organ transplant and procurement in the U.S. is administered by a a non-profit, scientific and educational organization located in Richmond, VA.

True

The highest abortion ratio (# of abortions/1000 live births;) in the U.S. occurs in women aged _________________.(Note: This is not the highest number of abortions but highest ratio)

(a)

(a)