Comprehensive Virology Review: HIV, Measles, Rubella, Varicella, Smallpox, Polio, Rabies, Arboviruses, Prions, EBV, CMV, Common Cold Viruses
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Q: What type of virus is HIV?
A: A retrovirus with two identical +ssRNA genomes, an envelope, and reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes.
Q: What enzymes are essential for HIV replication?
A: Reverse transcriptase and integrase.
Q: What glycoprotein on HIV helps it attach to host cells?
A: gp120 glycoprotein spikes.
Q: Which cells express CD4 receptors that HIV targets?
A: T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
Q: How is HIV transmitted?
A: Through sexual contact, blood transfusion, needle sharing, and mother-to-child transmission.
Q: How does HIV evade the immune system?
A: Latency in host DNA, cell-to-cell fusion, and high mutation rate.
Q: What is the purpose of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
A: To reduce viral load and prevent resistant strains.
Q: Is there a vaccine for HIV?
A: No vaccine available.
Q: What virus causes measles?
A: Measles virus (Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae).
Q: How is measles transmitted?
A: By the respiratory route.
Q: What are key symptoms of measles?
A: Cold-like symptoms, macular rash, and Koplik's spots.
Q: What is a severe complication of measles?
A: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
Q: How is measles prevented?
A: MMR vaccine.
Q: What virus causes rubella?
A: Rubella virus (Togavirus).
Q: How is rubella transmitted?
A: Respiratory route.
Q: What syndrome results from maternal infection during pregnancy?
A: Congenital rubella syndrome — causes fetal damage, deafness, heart defects, mental retardation.
Q: How is rubella prevented?
A: MMR vaccine (not recommended in pregnancy).
Q: What virus causes chickenpox?
A: Varicella-Zoster Virus (Human Herpesvirus 3).
Q: How is chickenpox transmitted?
A: Respiratory route.
Q: Where does VZV remain latent?
A: In dorsal root ganglia.
Q: What triggers shingles reactivation?
A: Stress or lowered immunity.
Q: How is shingles prevented?
A: Shingrix vaccine.
Q: What type of virus causes smallpox?
A: Variola virus (Poxvirus).
Q: How is smallpox transmitted?
A: Respiratory route → bloodstream → skin.
Q: Is smallpox eradicated?
A: Yes, eradicated through vaccination.
Q: How is Mpox transmitted?
A: Zoonotic (from primates/rodents) and human-to-human by close contact.
Q: How is Mpox prevented?
A: Smallpox vaccine provides protection.
Q: What virus causes polio?
A: Poliovirus (Picornavirus).
Q: How is polio transmitted?
A: Fecal-oral route (contaminated water).
Q: Which cells are destroyed in paralytic polio?
A: Motor neurons.
Q: What vaccines prevent polio?
A: Salk (IPV, inactivated) and Sabin (OPV, live attenuated).
Q: What virus causes rabies?
A: Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus, ssRNA).
Q: How is rabies transmitted?
A: Animal bites (saliva).
Q: Where does rabies replicate and spread?
A: Multiplies in muscles → travels via PNS → brain → encephalitis.
Q: What are common mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses?
A: West Nile, Eastern/Western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis.
Q: What are reservoirs for mosquito encephalitis?
A: Birds (most), horses (some).
Q: How can arboviral encephalitis be prevented?
A: Mosquito control and personal protection.
Q: How is Zika transmitted?
A: Aedes mosquito bites, sexual contact, mother-to-fetus, blood transfusions.
Q: What congenital defect does Zika cause?
A: Microcephaly.
Q: What are prions?
A: Infectious misfolded proteins causing spongiform encephalopathies.
Q: Give examples of prion diseases.
A: CJD, vCJD, Kuru, BSE (mad cow), Scrapie, Chronic wasting disease.
Q: What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
A: Epstein-Barr virus (Human Herpesvirus 4).
Q: What cells does EBV infect?
A: B lymphocytes.
Q: How is EBV transmitted?
A: Saliva ("kissing disease").
Q: What cancers are associated with EBV?
A: Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Q: What virus causes cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID)?
A: Cytomegalovirus (Human Herpesvirus 5).
Q: How is CMV transmitted?
A: Sexually, via blood, saliva, transplanted tissue, or across the placenta.
Q: What group is at greatest risk from CMV?
A: Immunocompromised individuals and fetuses.
Q: What complications occur in newborns with CMV?
A: Hearing loss and intellectual disability.
Q: What viruses commonly cause the cold?
A: Rhinoviruses (30-50%) and coronaviruses (10-15%).
Q: Why are antibiotics ineffective against colds?
A: Because they are caused by viruses, not bacteria.
Q: What type of genome does influenza virus have?
A: 8 segments of -ssRNA.
Q: What are influenza's surface spikes and their functions?
A: Hemagglutinin (HA) for attachment; Neuraminidase (NA) for release.
Q: What is antigenic drift?
A: Small mutations in HA and NA → seasonal flu.
Q: What is antigenic shift?
A: Major reassortment of RNA segments → pandemics.
Q: How is influenza prevented?
A: Annual multivalent vaccine.
Q: What type of virus causes COVID-19?
A: +ssRNA coronavirus.
Q: What structural proteins are key for SARS-CoV-2?
A: Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E), Nucleocapsid (N).
Q: How is COVID-19 transmitted?
A: Respiratory droplets and aerosols.
Q: What is "long COVID"?
A: Persistent symptoms like fatigue and brain fog after infection.
Q: How is severe COVID-19 mediated?
A: Cytokine storm.
Q: Who is most at risk for RSV infection?
A: Infants and older adults.
Q: What cellular effect does RSV cause?
A: Syncytium (cell fusion) formation.
Q: How is RSV prevented?
A: Vaccines available.
Q: What organ does mumps target?
A: Parotid (salivary) glands.
Q: How is mumps transmitted?
A: Saliva and respiratory secretions.
Q: What complications can mumps cause in adults?
A: Orchitis, meningitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis.
Q: How is mumps prevented?
A: MMR vaccine.
Q: Who does rotavirus primarily affect?
A: Infants and young children (<5 years).
Q: How is rotavirus transmitted?
A: Fecal-oral route.
Q: How is rotavirus prevented?
A: Live attenuated oral vaccine.
Q: What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in adults?
A: Norovirus.
Q: How is norovirus transmitted?
A: Fecal-oral and aerosolized vomit droplets.
Q: How is norovirus prevented?
A: Handwashing and disinfection with bleach; no vaccine.
Q: What type of virus is Hepatitis A?
A: ssRNA, non-enveloped.
Q: How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
A: Fecal-oral (contaminated food/water).
Q: Does Hepatitis A cause chronic infection?
A: No, only acute infection.
Q: How is Hepatitis A prevented?
A: Inactivated vaccine.
Q: What type of virus is Hepatitis B?
A: dsDNA, enveloped.
Q: How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
A: Blood, bodily fluids, sexual contact, and perinatally.
Q: What percent of cases become chronic?
A: About 10%.
Q: How is Hepatitis B prevented?
A: Inactivated vaccine.
Q: What type of virus is Hepatitis C?
A: ssRNA, enveloped.
Q: How is Hepatitis C transmitted?
A: Blood transfusions and blood products.
Q: What is a unique feature of Hepatitis C infection?
A: Often asymptomatic for decades ("silent epidemic").
Q: Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C?
A: No vaccine.
Q: What are the two types of HSV?
A: HSV-1 (oral) and HSV-2 (genital).
Q: Where does HSV remain latent?
A: In nerve ganglia.
Q: What triggers HSV recurrences?
A: Stress, sunlight, hormonal changes, weakened immunity.
Q: What are major complications of HSV infection?
A: Herpes encephalitis and neonatal herpes.
Q: How is Herpes Encephalitus treated?
A: Acyclovir.
Q: How is HPV transmitted?
A: Direct contact or sexual contact.
Q: What types of HPV cause cancer?
A: High-risk types 16 and 18.
Q: What vaccine prevents HPV infection?
A: Gardasil 9 (nine-valent vaccine).
Q: What cancers are associated with HPV?
A: Cervical and other genital cancers.
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