Agriculture

Columbian exchange

Columbian exchange

The ________ brought many new crops to different areas of the world, the most prominent was the potato.

South America

Guano and nitrates from ________ were introduced in the mid- 19th century and fallow steadily declined to reach only about 4 % in 1900.

East Asia

Arriving in Europe after 1493, capsicum spread throughout South and ________ and was adopted into the traditional cuisines of many European and Asian countries including Hungary (paprika) and Korea (kimchi)

Mexico

________ was a hearth for beans and cotton.

earliest crops

The ________ were domesticated in Southwest Asia, these included barley, wheat, lentil, and olive.

Dutch

The ________ improved the Chinese plough so that it could be pulled with fewer oxen or horses.

Black Death

The ________ from 1348 onward accelerated the break- up of the feudal system in England.

creativity

Thought to increase ________ and reduce hunger, coca is the central ingredient in producing cocaine.

early 19th century

In the ________ it cost as much to transport a ton of freight 32 miles by wagon over an unimproved road as it did to ship it 3000 miles across the Atlantic.

British Agricultural Revolution

The ________ was the result of the complex interaction of social, economic and farming technological changes.

Ireland

The potato was grown in ________, a property of the English crown and common source of food exports, since the early 17th century and quickly spread so that by the 18th century it had been firmly established as a staple food.

1493

On his second voyage to the Americas in ________, Columbus brought pigs.

Millet

________ and Rice were domesticated in Sub Saharan Africa independent of East Asia.

Green revolution

The ________ included 2 main practices which were the introduction of new higher- yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers.

Africa

________ supplied not only people for work but contributed to the exchange of plants by introducing rice, bananas, plantains, lemons, and black- eyed peas, creating additional sources of food and wealth for colonists and agricultural enterprises.

cattle

Previously, ________ were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen or for dairy uses, with beef from surplus males as an additional bonus.

Enclosure

________: the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land.

Rice

________ was developed in East Asia.

Sorghum

________ was domesticated in central Africa.

15th

The process of enclosing property accelerated in the ________ and 16th centuries.

addition of clover

The ________ and turnips allowed more animals to be kept through the winter, which in turn produced more milk, cheese, meat and manure, which maintained soil fertility.

Southwest Asia

________ was the largest hearth for animals that were the most prominent in agriculture including cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep.

Fallow land

________ was about 20 % of the arable area in England in 1700 before turnips and clover were extensively grown in the 1830s.

greater distances

The horse allowed Europeans to travel ________ into the interior of the continents.

Maize

________ also had far higher per- acre productivity than wheat (about two and a half times), grew at widely differing altitudes and in a variety of soils (though warmer climates were preferred), and unlike wheat it could be harvested in successive years from the same plot of land.

mid 18th century

The ________ was marked by rapid adoption of the potato by various European countries, especially in central Europe, as various wheat famines demonstrated its value.

16th century onward

From the ________, farmers enjoyed a wider variety of plants and animals to choose from to earn a living and expand their prospects for wealth.

Columbian Exchange

The ________ facilitated the transfer of all of the major domesticated animals from the Old World to the Americas: cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs.

Dutch

The ________ acquired the iron- tipped, curved mouldboard, adjustable depth plough from the Chinese in the early 17th century.

Columbian exchange

The ________, which started out as the introduction of new plants, animals, and diseases into different cultures, ultimately took on greater significance in the profound cultural, colonial, economic, nationalist, and labor consequences.

Columbian exchange

The ________ is a term coined by Alfred Crosby Jr. in 1972 that is traditionally defined as the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and Africa and the New World of the Americas.

The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labour force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended

the Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution

Norfolk four-course crop rotation

Fodder crops, particularly turnips and clover, replaced leaving the land fallow

Enclosure

the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land

chocolate

The Spanish added sugar and honey to alleviate the bitterness, and in the next hundred years, as it spread throughout Europe, vanilla was added to the mixture producing a new luxury item

cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs

What animals were spread across the world due to the Columbian Exchange?

the removal of tariffs, tolls and customs barriers

What improved the national market?

improved roads, canals, and later, railways

what were major transportation infrastructures?

alpaca

What was the only domesticated animal in the western hemisphere?

Hunting and gathering

How did people get food before agriculture was invented?

Ring 1-dairy

intensive farming occurs in the ring closest to the city

products that are perishable and expensive to transport are closer to the urban center/city.

Ring 2- Forest

wood is used for fuels and materials

Wood is heavy and difficult to transport

In order to make profit you have to minimize transportation costs

Ring 3-Grains and Field Crops

Grains can be stored, easy to transport, and lasts longer than dairy

Requires a lot of land

Ring 4- Ranching and Livestock

Animals need land to graze on

Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self transporting

land is cheap

Bid Rent theory

Scarcity affects land price and value. Price increases the closer you get to an urban area. Agriculture that uses less land can be closer to the market, and agriculture that uses a lot of land should be far away from urban centers.

shifting cultivation

extensive subsistence, corn and yams

intensive

land is used to an extreme and many people are involved in labor

terraces

in intensive subsistence wet rice dominant these are built in hilly areas so that farmers can flood the fields to create paddies.

milkshed

the area around an urban center that primarily produces dairy products

crop rotation

in extensive agriculture this encourages soil fertility

monoculture

farm dedicated to the mass production of 1 product

extensive

this characterizes that doesn't use land to an extreme or uses a wide area as well as lower amounts of labor.

plantation

this type of agriculture is typically in LDC's and exported to MDC's, workers are imported and temporarily housed in barracks

shifting cultivation

extensive subsistence(corn and yams)covers great lana area

intensive

many people are involved in labor and pressure is put on the land

terraces

an intensive subsistence agriculture practice flood the fields to create paddies

monoculture

farm dedicated to the mass production of one product

primogeniture

an inheritance custom that results in farm sizes that are larger and in farmers who work one piece of land

extensive

doesn't use land to an extreme or uses a wide area as well as less labor

plantation

commercial agriculture found in ldc's in which crops are grown to export to mdc's and workers are usually imported and housed in barracks

truck

another term for commercial gardening

prime agricultural land

valuable farm acreage under threat from the growth of suburbs because it has characteristics of flat and well drained land which is wanted by farmers and developers

beasts of burden

animals used for labor

linear

rural settlement pattern that isn't round

root

the first domesticated crop in indonesia

soybean

2nd most planted crop in the U.S.

fragmented

not using primogeniture results in farming plots that are described as this and with farmers who must work in different fields each day

horticulture

growth of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

mixed crop and livestock

commercial extensive, in mdc's, used integrated farming methods yet more dependent on chemicals, monoculture, and factory farming techniques

slash and burn

type of shifting cultivation where fields are cleared with fire whose ash provides nutrients to the soil

borlaug

produced the miracle wheat seed and ultimately contributed to the agricultural revolution

Mediterranean

intensive commercial(wine and olives), found on western coasts

export drops

crops from ldc's exported to mdc's

double cropping

2 harvests are created from the same land each year

livestock ranching

extensive commercial(sheep and cattle), animals aren't free range but concentrated in small areas at feeding operations

cadastral

system where property ownership is delineated

land ordinance

law passed in 1785 that established the township and range system

intensive subsistence

many people are engaged as well as puts pressure on land. the most common in ldc's

factory farming

industrial farming methods that involve assembly lines

economies of scale

achieved when a proportionate saving in cost is gained by an increased level of production

deforestation

the environmental problem is acute in centers like the megalopolis

fallow

a field that has been left unplanted to regain its fertility

industrial

this dominates american agriculture which the actual growing of food is just one part of a commodity chain from the farm to the dinner table and is largely controlled by agribusiness

substinence

food is grown for consumption of local farm/village and is typically found in ldc's

pastoral nomadism

extensive subsistence, cattle and sheep, in ldc's where animals are herded and moved with their flocks. this mainly produces milk and wool

wet rice non dominant

intensive subsistence, millet and oats

market gardening

intensive commercial, apples and mushrooms, mdc's