HIST 106 Exam 3 - Tamu Carroll

American policy on the eve of the Korean War

Containment

Truman Doctrine

Support to countries fighting communism

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. Mao victorious

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

Korea was ruled by __________

Japanese Empire until 1945 and then the soviets and Americans take over

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

North Korea on the eve of war

Kim II Sung and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Communist Regime

South Korea on the eve of war

Syngman Rhee and the Republic of Korea. Pro-US

Guerilla warfare

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy. Pro-communist southerners vs army of the ROK trained by america

Stalins conditions for invading South Korea

- US military needs to leave Korea completely
- Rhee's government and the ROK on the verge of collapse
- Strengthen North Korean Army with Soviet help
- Communist china must agree to commit forces if necessary

International police action

Containment in action, UN authorizes it to stop North Korea. Not an invasion of the North, but to push North Koreans back to the 38th parallel

U.S. Eighth Army

This is what the UN and South Korea used led by Matthew B. Ridgeway to retake Seoul and move back to the 38th parallel. They used them as a spearhead.

Task force smith

- Go north and hold the line
- first attempt to hold North Korea
- Retreat, large casualties for america
- New mantra "No more task force smith"

Pusan Perimeter

a defensive line around the city of Pusan, in the southeast corner of Korea, held by South Korean and United Nations forces in 1950 during the Korean War; marks the farthest advance of North Korean forces. The perimeter holds

Natural defense of the Pusan perimeter defense

Naktong river

MacArthur's plan for Inchon

amphibious landings

Inchon Landings

--South Korea starts losing the war fairly quickly. Get pushed all the way to the southern tip at a place called the "Pusan Pocket".
--In order to break out of the pocket, US general MacArthur takes troops around the peninsula and lands in Inchon. Takes the North Koreans completely by surprise. Very easy to take since it wasn't heavily defended. --Caused North Koreans to retreat back across the border.

Yalu River

River separating North Korea and China. UN forces close to the Yalu River caused Chinese intervention.

Who replaced General Walker when he was killed?

General Matthew Ridgway

Ridgway's Goal

- Limited attacks (one hill at a time)
- Keep the line stable at the 38th parallel
- No more grand offensives or amphibious landings
- A battle of wills (not to give up)

Executive Order 9981

President Truman desegregated US military

Fall of MacArthur

- Wants to use atomic weapons ("No substitute for victory")
- Fired by truman
- Dropped by the Republican Party as their candidate
- Got thrown a parade

Peace talks

- Discussions to bring about an end to the war in Korea; takes 2 years.
- Issues: where to but the north/South Korean border, how to establish air/sea space, and Chinese prisoners of war
- Armistice signed July 27th, 1953

Impact of Korean War

- Demonstrated the US Army was unprepared for combat
- Began tradition of not officially declaring war
- Showed that they needed better training and equipment
- Racial integration can happen
- Communism was contained
- American public was disinterested in the war
- Stalemate

China at the Cold War

Mao tse tung wins the civil war; they fall to communism

Formosa

Former name of Taiwan. This is where Chinese US allied forces flee

USC-68

Communism will be contained at all costs, signed by Truman. America commences massive military build-up

Who took over the presidency after 20 years of democrats?

Eisenhower

Arms race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons. Atomic bomb

Eisenhower's policy in Cold War

Assured Retaliation

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. Apocalypse

The stability-instability paradox

the belief that nuclear weapons and MAD make nuclear confrontation highly unlikely, but that this makes conventional warfare more likely as states know that conventional conflict will not escalate into nuclear confrontation. Both sides have nukes (stable) and reluctance to use nukes means conventional war might brake out (unstable)

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader who takes over after Stalin

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

NASA

Established by Eisenhower in response to "Rocket Fever" in the United States and the success of the Sputnik program in the Soviet Union.

Yuri Gagarin

First human in space (Soviet)

Alan Shepard

First American in space

The Berlin Crisis

Standoff between Khrushchev and Kennedy over control of West Germany. West Germany stays under western control, but Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall as a result. (major foreign policy tests faced by the Kennedy Administration)

Atlantic Charter

Self determination for colonies. 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Who was for/against Philippine independence?

Republicans against,
Democrats for

Commonwealth

A self-governing territory associated with another country. US controls trade and foreign policy, filipinos control domestic policy

What delayed Philippine independence?

They were invaded by Japan

Peace Corps

Federal program established by JFK to send volunteers to help developing nations. Will help win Hearts & Minds in the Cold War

Somalia

fought over due to strategic value

Two separate events that happened simultaneously

Decolonization and Cold War

Misperceptions during Cold War

- US thought communism anywhere was controlled by the Soviet Union
- Ho Chi Min and Vietnamese communists (nationalists first, communists second): no connection with the Soviet Union
- Communism appealed to former colonies because it promised an end to exploitation

Vietnam war was ...

decolonization

The Affluent Society

term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

3 reasons for unprecedented prosperity in the US

1. Access to housing (HOLC and FHA)
2. Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
3. Credit (cards)

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Bought up 5 year mortgages, made them 15-20 year mortgages. Part of the new deal

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Insured mortgages so banks would not lose money - in return for lower interest rates. Part of the new deal

Negative affects of HOLC & FHA

- appraised neighborhoods
- Mixed-race/minority dominated neighborhoods considered credit risks
- residential security maps

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. Also influenced GI Bill benefits

Housing Covenants

Prohibited the purchase of certain properties based on race

Nuclear Family

A married couple and their unmarried children living together. Seen as "American" identity and a defense against communism

Cause for post-ww2 baby boom

families could afford to have children. They couldn't during the Great Depression

CPUSA

Communist Party of the United States of America

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda (communism in america)

Executive order 9835

"loyalty reviews" for federal employees

Alger Hiss Trial

A case that this man was convicted of lying about his past, still having some ties with the Soviet Union. Accused of being a communist by Richard Nixon

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

couple executed for treason as soviet spies

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." Dismissed due to links with CPUSA

Movies during the Cold War

- The Red Menace
- My Son John
- I Led Three Lives

The Red Menace

two American lovers hunted by the CPUSA

My Son John

Son of a nuclear family loves a soviet spy

I Led Three Lives

White collar American who is also a communist and undercover FBI agent in the CPUSA

Religious devotion as a result of the second red scare

- Karl Marx "Religion is the Opiate of the Masses": Americans turned to God to show their Patriotism
- "One Nation, Under God" added to the pledge of allegiance
- Ten Commandments: biblical epic of Moses is a metaphor for the Cold War

The Lavender Scare

Government sponsored attack on sexual minorities and those who engage in same sex behaviors

Executive Order 10450

Einsenhower signed this barring gays from working for the federal government because it was a sercurity threat

"Goodnight and good luck"

Edward R. Murrow - always closed with this in See It Now, he is very critical of McCarthy

Mattachine Society/Daughters of Bilitis

Gay rights movement

Eisenhower's Middle of the Road agenda

- Assured retaliation (Bipartisan support)
- National Healthcare plan (defeated)
- Education and agricultural reform (defeated)
- Federal aid highway act (Passes): creates interstate highway system
- NASA (passes)

Thurgood Marshall

Top NAACP Lawyer. Legal Challenge Strategy

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Non-violent Protest strategy

Malcolm X

The Black Power Movement. Armed militancy

Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company

Sarah Keys was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white customer. Result: Interstate Commerce Commission rules separate but equal unconstitutional

Brown v. Board of Education

Linda brown bussed to segregated elementary school in Kansas, wanted to attend school with her white neighbors. Refused. Thurgood Marshall takes it to Supreme Court

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement. Declared that the American education system was unconstitutional under the 14th amendment

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. Governor Orville Faubus ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

1807 Insurrection Act

takes control of AK National Guard and deploys 101st airborne division to escort black students to school

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Who said "we are tired, tired of being segregated and humiliated. We are impatient for justice, but we will protest with love"

Martin Luther King Junior

Republican candidate in the 1960 presidential election

Nixon

Democratic candidate in the 1960 presidential election

Kennedy (educated, young, and catholic)

1960 Presidential Election

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)

JFK's running mate

Lyndon B. Johnson

What vote pushed Kennedy over the edge to win?

African-american vote after he helps MLK who is under arrest in Georgia

Lunch Sit-Ins

Tactics used by many young college students to protest segregated lunch counters. Organized by the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Commission (SNCC)

Freedom Rides

Flouting Jim Crow laws by riding interstate buses across the south

Bottom-up and top-down

SNCC is a bottom-up organization, decides to align with King's SCLC a top-down movement to coordinate advocacy efforts

Citadel of Segregation

MLK goes to Birmingham Alabama to protest civil rights

Birmingham Protest

a strategic movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment that black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama. Put down harshly by local police using water cannons, attack dogs, violence, and Kennedy still hesitates

Governor George Wallace of Alabama

Prevented black students registering at university of Alabama

MLK at Lincoln memorial

"I have a dream speech". Largest demonstration in history.

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Who assassinated JFK

Lee Harvey Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald

a former US Marine, a communist, wanted to defect to the Soviet Union. Killed 2 days after JFK