HIST 106 Exam 3 - Tamu Carroll

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American policy on the eve of the Korean War

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American policy on the eve of the Korean War

Containment

Truman Doctrine

Support to countries fighting communism

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. Mao victorious

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

Korea was ruled by __________

Japanese Empire until 1945 and then the soviets and Americans take over

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

North Korea on the eve of war

Kim II Sung and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Communist Regime

South Korea on the eve of war

Syngman Rhee and the Republic of Korea. Pro-US

Guerilla warfare

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy. Pro-communist southerners vs army of the ROK trained by america

Stalins conditions for invading South Korea

  • US military needs to leave Korea completely

  • Rhee's government and the ROK on the verge of collapse

  • Strengthen North Korean Army with Soviet help

  • Communist china must agree to commit forces if necessary

International police action

Containment in action, UN authorizes it to stop North Korea. Not an invasion of the North, but to push North Koreans back to the 38th parallel

U.S. Eighth Army

This is what the UN and South Korea used led by Matthew B. Ridgeway to retake Seoul and move back to the 38th parallel. They used them as a spearhead.

Task force smith

  • Go north and hold the line

  • first attempt to hold North Korea

  • Retreat, large casualties for america

  • New mantra "No more task force smith"

Pusan Perimeter

a defensive line around the city of Pusan, in the southeast corner of Korea, held by South Korean and United Nations forces in 1950 during the Korean War; marks the farthest advance of North Korean forces. The perimeter holds

Natural defense of the Pusan perimeter defense

Naktong river

MacArthur's plan for Inchon

amphibious landings

Inchon Landings

--South Korea starts losing the war fairly quickly. Get pushed all the way to the southern tip at a place called the "Pusan Pocket". --In order to break out of the pocket, US general MacArthur takes troops around the peninsula and lands in Inchon. Takes the North Koreans completely by surprise. Very easy to take since it wasn't heavily defended. --Caused North Koreans to retreat back across the border.

Yalu River

River separating North Korea and China. UN forces close to the Yalu River caused Chinese intervention.

Who replaced General Walker when he was killed?

General Matthew Ridgway

Ridgway's Goal

  • Limited attacks (one hill at a time)

  • Keep the line stable at the 38th parallel

  • No more grand offensives or amphibious landings

  • A battle of wills (not to give up)

Executive Order 9981

President Truman desegregated US military

Fall of MacArthur

  • Wants to use atomic weapons ("No substitute for victory")

  • Fired by truman

  • Dropped by the Republican Party as their candidate

  • Got thrown a parade

Peace talks

  • Discussions to bring about an end to the war in Korea; takes 2 years.

  • Issues: where to but the north/South Korean border, how to establish air/sea space, and Chinese prisoners of war

  • Armistice signed July 27th, 1953

Impact of Korean War

  • Demonstrated the US Army was unprepared for combat

  • Began tradition of not officially declaring war

  • Showed that they needed better training and equipment

  • Racial integration can happen

  • Communism was contained

  • American public was disinterested in the war

  • Stalemate

China at the Cold War

Mao tse tung wins the civil war; they fall to communism

Formosa

Former name of Taiwan. This is where Chinese US allied forces flee

USC-68

Communism will be contained at all costs, signed by Truman. America commences massive military build-up

Who took over the presidency after 20 years of democrats?

Eisenhower

Arms race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons. Atomic bomb

Eisenhower's policy in Cold War

Assured Retaliation

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. Apocalypse

The stability-instability paradox

the belief that nuclear weapons and MAD make nuclear confrontation highly unlikely, but that this makes conventional warfare more likely as states know that conventional conflict will not escalate into nuclear confrontation. Both sides have nukes (stable) and reluctance to use nukes means conventional war might brake out (unstable)

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader who takes over after Stalin

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

NASA

Established by Eisenhower in response to "Rocket Fever" in the United States and the success of the Sputnik program in the Soviet Union.

Yuri Gagarin

First human in space (Soviet)

Alan Shepard

First American in space

The Berlin Crisis

Standoff between Khrushchev and Kennedy over control of West Germany. West Germany stays under western control, but Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall as a result. (major foreign policy tests faced by the Kennedy Administration)

Atlantic Charter

Self determination for colonies. 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Who was for/against Philippine independence?

Republicans against, Democrats for

Commonwealth

A self-governing territory associated with another country. US controls trade and foreign policy, filipinos control domestic policy

What delayed Philippine independence?

They were invaded by Japan

Peace Corps

Federal program established by JFK to send volunteers to help developing nations. Will help win Hearts & Minds in the Cold War

Somalia

fought over due to strategic value

Two separate events that happened simultaneously

Decolonization and Cold War

Misperceptions during Cold War

  • US thought communism anywhere was controlled by the Soviet Union

  • Ho Chi Min and Vietnamese communists (nationalists first, communists second): no connection with the Soviet Union

  • Communism appealed to former colonies because it promised an end to exploitation