World History Unit 2

Marxism

A social, political, and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes class relations and societal conflict, advocating for a classless society.

Proletariat

The working class or the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society who do not own the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that argues that class struggles drive history and calls for the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat.

Congress of Vienna

An international conference held to restore European order after Napoleon's defeat, aiming to balance power and suppress revolutionary movements.

Absolute Rule

A form of government where one person or a group holds absolute power over the state, without constitutional or legal limitations.

Concert of Europe

A system in the 19th century where European powers cooperated to maintain peace and stability on the continent.

Civil Rights

The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality, including the demand for constitutions and suffrage.

Ethnic Nationalism

A form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity, promoting the interests of specific ethnic groups.

Realpolitik

A political system that focuses on practical and material factors rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Industrialization

The process by which economies transform from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals or families to move up or down the social hierarchy, often linked to changes in wealth and education.

Urbanization

The increasing population of people living in urban areas, often leading to the growth of cities.

Economic Strength

The ability of a nation or region to produce goods and services, as well as the financial resources available for investment.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues, often used to justify imperialism and racism.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict between France and the German states led by Prussia from 1870 to 1871 that resulted in German unification.