Paert two:

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

Biconcave disc

Which of the following allows RBCs to fit through small capillaries?

Their biconcave shape

How long does a typical red blood cell live?

120 days

Red blood cells use which type of metabolism?

Anaerobic

Hemoglobin is responsible for:

Binding and transporting oxygen

What part of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

Iron in the heme group

When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, what color does it turn?

Red

The process of red blood cell formation is called:

Erythropoiesis

What hormone signals the production of RBCs?

Erythropoietin

Where is erythropoietin produced?

Kidney

Erythropoiesis primarily occurs in:

Red bone marrow

Which condition triggers EPO release?

Hypoxia (low oxygen)

What is the name of the immature RBC that enters the bloodstream?

Reticulocyte

Where are old RBCs broken down?

Liver, spleen, and bone marrow

What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin during recycling?

Broken into amino acids

What is iron from hemoglobin used for?

Building new hemoglobin

What pigment is formed first from heme breakdown?

Biliverdin

Biliverdin is converted into:

Bilirubin

Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of:

Bilirubin

A blocked bile duct may cause:

Jaundice

Anemia results in:

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

Which of the following is a symptom of anemia?

Muscle fatigue

What type of anemia is caused by low iron intake?

Iron-deficiency anemia

Sickle cell anemia is an example of:

Genetic anemia

Pernicious anemia is caused by:

Deficiency of intrinsic factor

Aplastic anemia results from:

Bone marrow failure to produce RBCs

Blood types are determined by:

Antigens on red blood cells

A person with type A blood has:

A antigens only

Type AB blood has:

Both A and B antigens

A person with type O blood has:

No antigens

Rh factor is another name for:

Antigen D

A person with A- blood has:

A antigens, no Rh antigens

What happens in a transfusion reaction?

Antibodies attack foreign RBCs

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

O–

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+

Why can’t a person with type A blood receive type B blood?

Type A has anti-B antibodies

When do anti-A and anti-B antibodies naturally develop?

Within first 6 months of life

Why does Rh incompatibility in pregnancy affect the second child more than the first?

The mother develops anti-Rh antibodies after the first exposure

Blood typing is important before transfusions because:

It prevents agglutination reactions