Paert two:

Here are 40 multiple choice questions based on your lecture file, covering:

* Red blood cells

* Hemoglobin

* Erythropoiesis

* Recycling of RBCs

* Jaundice

* Anemia

* Blood typing

* Transfusion reactions

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### 🩸 Characteristics and Functions of Red Blood Cells

1. What is the primary function of red blood cells?

a. Fight infections

b. Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

c. Produce hormones

d. Break down lipids

Answer: b

2. What is the shape of a red blood cell?

a. Flat and square

b. Round and spiky

c. Biconcave disc

d. Spherical

Answer: c

3. Which of the following allows RBCs to fit through small capillaries?

a. Their mitochondria

b. Their nucleus

c. Their biconcave shape

d. Their antibodies

Answer: c

4. How long does a typical red blood cell live?

a. 10 days

b. 30 days

c. 120 days

d. 365 days

Answer: c

5. Red blood cells use which type of metabolism?

a. Aerobic

b. Anaerobic

c. Lactic acid fermentation

d. Mixed metabolism

Answer: b

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### 💨 Structure and Function of Hemoglobin

6. Hemoglobin is responsible for:

a. Fighting bacteria

b. Breaking down fats

c. Binding and transporting oxygen

d. Clotting blood

Answer: c

7. What part of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

a. Bilirubin

b. Plasma

c. Iron in the heme group

d. Globin chains

Answer: c

8. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, what color does it turn?

a. Yellow

b. Blue

c. Red

d. Green

Answer: c

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### 🔬 Erythropoiesis

9. The process of red blood cell formation is called:

a. Hemolysis

b. Leukopoiesis

c. Erythropoiesis

d. Thrombopoiesis

Answer: c

10. What hormone signals the production of RBCs?

a. Insulin

b. Estrogen

c. Erythropoietin

d. Adrenaline

Answer: c

11. Where is erythropoietin produced?

a. Liver

b. Brain

c. Kidney

d. Lungs

Answer: c

12. Erythropoiesis primarily occurs in:

a. Yellow bone marrow

b. Red bone marrow

c. Cartilage

d. Lymph nodes

Answer: b

13. Which condition triggers EPO release?

a. High blood pressure

b. Hypoxia (low oxygen)

c. Dehydration

d. Fever

Answer: b

14. What is the name of the immature RBC that enters the bloodstream?

a. Leukocyte

b. Platelet

c. Reticulocyte

d. Megakaryocyte

Answer: c

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### ♻ RBC Recycling

15. Where are old RBCs broken down?

a. Brain

b. Kidneys

c. Liver, spleen, and bone marrow

d. Stomach

Answer: c

16. What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin during recycling?

a. Excreted in urine

b. Converted to bile

c. Broken into amino acids

d. Stored as fat

Answer: c

17. What is iron from hemoglobin used for?

a. Bone growth

b. Making bile

c. Building new hemoglobin

d. Digesting food

Answer: c

18. What pigment is formed first from heme breakdown?

a. Bilirubin

b. Biliverdin

c. Hematin

d. Melanin

Answer: b

19. Biliverdin is converted into:

a. Iron

b. Urobilin

c. Bilirubin

d. Hemoglobin

Answer: c

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### 🟡 Jaundice

20. Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of:

a. Iron

b. Hemoglobin

c. Bilirubin

d. Calcium

Answer: c

21. A blocked bile duct may cause:

a. Anemia

b. Jaundice

c. Hypoxia

d. Hemophilia

Answer: b

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### 😴 Anemia

22. Anemia results in:

a. Blood clots

b. High oxygen levels

c. Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

d. Increased white blood cells

Answer: c

23. Which of the following is a symptom of anemia?

a. Joint pain

b. Muscle fatigue

c. Skin rash

d. Nausea

Answer: b

24. What type of anemia is caused by low iron intake?

a. Aplastic anemia

b. Hemolytic anemia

c. Iron-deficiency anemia

d. Pernicious anemia

Answer: c

25. Sickle cell anemia is an example of:

a. Infectious anemia

b. Nutritional anemia

c. Genetic anemia

d. Hormonal anemia

Answer: c

26. Pernicious anemia is caused by:

a. Lack of vitamin C

b. Excess calcium

c. Deficiency of intrinsic factor

d. Excessive iron

Answer: c

27. Aplastic anemia results from:

a. Excessive exercise

b. Bone marrow failure to produce RBCs

c. Too much vitamin B12

d. Liver damage

Answer: b

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### 🧬 Blood Typing

28. Blood types are determined by:

a. Plasma proteins

b. White blood cells

c. Antigens on red blood cells

d. Hormones

Answer: c

29. A person with type A blood has:

a. Only B antigens

b. Both A and B antigens

c. A antigens only

d. No antigens

Answer: c

30. Type AB blood has:

a. No antigens

b. Both A and B antigens

c. A antigens and anti-B antibodies

d. B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Answer: b

31. A person with type O blood has:

a. A and B antigens

b. No antigens

c. Anti-Rh antibodies only

d. Rh antigens only

Answer: b

32. Rh factor is another name for:

a. Hemoglobin

b. Platelet count

c. Antigen D

d. White blood cell count

Answer: c

33. A person with A- blood has:

a. A and Rh antigens

b. A antigens, no Rh antigens

c. No antigens

d. Only Rh antigens

Answer: b

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### 💉 Transfusions and Reactions

34. What happens in a transfusion reaction?

a. Donor cells grow faster

b. Antibodies attack foreign RBCs

c. Platelets dissolve

d. Plasma thickens

Answer: b

35. Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

a. AB+

b. A+

c. B–

d. O–

Answer: d

36. Which blood type is the universal recipient?

a. O–

b. AB+

c. B+

d. A–

Answer: b

37. Why can’t a person with type A blood receive type B blood?

a. B blood has too much hemoglobin

b. Type A has anti-B antibodies

c. A blood has Rh antigen

d. Type A doesn’t carry oxygen

Answer: b

38. When do anti-A and anti-B antibodies naturally develop?

a. After age 10

b. At birth

c. Within first 6 months of life

d. After puberty

Answer: c

39. Why does Rh incompatibility in pregnancy affect the second child more than the first?

a. The mother develops anti-Rh antibodies after the first exposure

b. The placenta blocks all antibodies

c. The fetus produces its own antibodies

d. The first child destroys the antibodies

Answer: a

40. Blood typing is important before transfusions because:

a. It improves immune strength

b. It prevents anemia

c. It prevents agglutination reactions

d. It increases oxygen levels

Answer: c