Untitled Flashcards Set

What are hydraulic civilizations?

Civilizations that evolved around rivers and bodies of water, relying on irrigation for agriculture.

What major rivers supported early civilizations?

The Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, and Indus-Ganges rivers.

What significant effect did river flooding have on agriculture?

It created a surplus of renewed land.

What led to specialized labor in early civilizations?

The surplus created by agriculture freed people from farm work.

Name some early agricultural societies.

Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India.

How did agriculture affect governance?

It necessitated governance due to the large-scale agricultural systems.

What intellectual developments arose from agricultural advancements?

Accounting skills, record keeping, and surveying skills.

What was the significance of calendars in early civilizations?

They organized worship and agricultural production.

What did the 'Agricultural Revolution' signify?

A transition from food-gathering to food-producing economies.

What is the Fertile Crescent?

A region in the Middle East that was crucial for the development of early agriculture.

What types of irrigation systems were developed?

Basin irrigation and perennial irrigation.

Which site is an example of a Neolithic settlement?

Catal Hoyuk.

What was the Pythagorean contribution to ancient philosophy?

The conception of the universe based on numbers and harmony.

What characterized the Greek Archaic period?

The development of independent states and competition in various fields, including athletics and philosophy.

Who was the founder of the Academy in Athens?

Plato.

What did Socratic questioning involve?

A series of questions leading to deeper understanding and truth.

What philosophy did Aristotle emphasize?

The importance of observing the material world.

What was a key outcome of the Renaissance?

A renewed interest in the methods and knowledge of antiquity.

What did the invention of the printing press facilitate?

The spread of knowledge and ideas throughout Europe.

What was the role of alchemy during the Renaissance?

To explore the transformation of matter, laying groundwork for modern chemistry.

What major theory did Darwin propose?

Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

What epidemic spread during WWI?

The 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the Spanish flu.

What was a significant scientific advancement during WWII?

The development of nuclear weapons under the Manhattan Project.

What was the societal impact of WWII on science?

Research agendas became established by national governments.

What is the primary focus of the Enlightenment?

The use of reason to advance knowledge and improve the human condition.

What was the role of salons in the Enlightenment?

Places where intellectuals exchanged ideas and discussed philosophical questions.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on labor?

It shifted work from home-based production to factory-based labor.

What invention helped transform the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution?

The Spinning Jenny.

What was the agricultural technique that improved crop rotation?

The three-field rotation system.

Who were the first significant proponents of trade unions?

Craft/trade unions in the 1830s.

What did the germ theory of disease develop from?

The miasma theory, which proposed that diseases were caused by bad air.

What were examples of innovations in agriculture during the Middle Ages?

The heavy plow, stirrups, and windmills.

What was the cause of the Black Death?

Transmission of the plague through trade routes and human interactions.

What characterized the Golden Age of Islamic Science?

A period of great translation and integration of Greek and Roman scientific works.

What aspect of Islamic scholarship contributed to later European science?

The preservation and translation of ancient texts.

Which environmental factors contributed to urban health issues during the Industrial Revolution?

Pollution, overcrowding, and unsanitary living conditions.

What was the significance of the Royal Society of London?

It was the longest-standing institution of scientific practice.

How did the introduction of the microscope change biological sciences?

It allowed for the exploration of the microscopic world.

What was the primary focus of early psychology?

Understanding mental disorders and biological influences on behavior.

How did Enlightenment thinkers view the role of reason?

As a tool to rationalize humanity and improve societal conditions.

What major trial did Galileo face for his scientific beliefs?

He was tried by the Inquisition for advocating heliocentrism.

What connection did education have with the Industrial Revolution?

Increased demand for skilled labor led to the establishment of technical universities.

What role did women play during the Enlightenment?

They hosted salons and contributed to intellectual discussions.

What ideology emerged during the Industrial Revolution that emphasized fair treatment for workers?

Labor movement.

What natural phenomenon challenged traditional views during Darwin's time?

The fossil record indicating extinction and evolution.

Which European power was especially influenced by the Enlightenment in terms of scientific advancement?

France.

What significant publication recorded many of the scientific findings of the time?

Diderot's Encyclopedie.

What event drastically changed the state of scientific inquiry in Europe?

The French Revolution.

What mechanization revolutionized production during the Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine.

What does the doctrine of uniformitarianism argue?

Geologic processes of the past are the same as observed today.

Which philosopher is known for proposing the scientific method of empirical research?

Francis Bacon.

What was a common theme across various arts during the Renaissance?

The return to classical themes and humanism.

How did colonization affect the spread of European scientific knowledge?

Increased exploration and documentation of natural resources and phenomena.

What movement emphasized science as a practical pursuit in society during the Industrial Revolution?

Technological advancements.

What theory did Lamarck propose regarding evolution?

Species evolve based on environmental changes and use over generations.

Which two wars significantly shifted focus toward science in military endeavors?

WWI and WWII.

What healthcare development emerged from John Snow's work on cholera?

The germ theory of disease.

How did capitalism influence science during the Industrial Revolution?

It led to the commercialization of scientific practices and inventions.

What characterizes the relationship between science and the Enlightenment?

An emphasis on reason and empirical evidence.

Which institution aimed to unify scientific research and education during the 1800s?

National Institute of Sciences and Arts.

What technique improved communication during the Industrial Revolution?

The telegraphic system.

What system did Mendeleev contribute to chemistry?

The periodic table.

How did the concept of race intersect with scientific developments in the late 19th century?

Scientific racism justified inequality and eugenics.

What technological advancement facilitated the mass distribution of information?

The printing press.

What were the implications of the Russo-Japanese War for scientific knowledge exchange?

Increased interest in Western science and technology.

How did advancements in chemistry affect medical practices?

They enabled the development of vaccines and understanding of diseases.

What societal changes followed the Industrial Revolution regarding women's roles?

Women increasingly participated in the workforce and education.

What was the role of the Academy during the Scientific Revolution?

Promoting collaboration and formalizing scientific inquiry.

What observational advancements emerged from the usage of telescopes during the Scientific Revolution?

Discoveries of celestial bodies and the nature of the universe.