AP Biology Unit One

Homeostasis, chemistry, etc

Unifying themes

Evolution, Energy and Matter, Information Storage, Retrieval, and Transmission

Evolution

Unity and diversity

Energy and Matter

life requires it to be continuous

Information storage, retrieval, and transmission

Genetic information

Interactions

Ecosystems and emergent properties

Living things are organized

cells→ tissue→ organs→ organ systems

Emergent properties

results from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

Energy

The capacity to do work, which flows through ecosystems and is necessary for life processes.

metabolism

all chemicals rxns that occur in a cell

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

what is the relationship between energy and homeostasis?

Energy is required for homeostasis to be maintained

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained

If homeostasis is not maintained you will die

Positive feedback

amplify or speed up a response or process.

negative feedback

slows down or stops a response or process

living things

interact with the environment in order to find nutrients or energy, there response to stimulus altogether constitutes the behavior of an organism

Genes (DNA)

Passed from parents to offspring, ensuring the continuity of life

adaptations

modifications that make an organism suited to its way of life

natural selection

process which species become modified over time

biodiversity

the total number of species, their variable genes, and their ecosystems

taxonomy

the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

organisms

classified according to their evolutionary relationships

three domains of life

bacteria, archaea and eukarya

eukaryotic

membrane bound organelles generally larger and more complex, found in animals

prokaryotic

lack a nucleus, and membrane bound organelles, smaller and similar. Found in bacteria

elements

pure substances that can not be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

matter

everything in universe is composed of matter

mass

quantity of matter an object has

weight

pull of gravity on an object

atoms

simplest particle of an element

the nucleus

central core, consist of positive charged protons and neutral neutrons.

What do subscripts and coefficients in chemical formulas represent?

Subscripts denote the number of atoms of each element (e.g., H2O has 2 H, 1 O). Coefficients indicate the number of molecules (e.g., 3O2 represents 3 molecules, or 6 total O atoms).

Ethology

the study of animals behavior

two basic categories of behavior

learned and innate

orientation behaviors

place the animal in its most favorable environment

taxis

animal moves toward or away from the stimulus

kinesis

a movement that is random and does not result in orientation with respect to a stimulus

if an animal reacts to bright light by moving away that is

taxis

if an animal reacts to light by moving in random directions that is

kinesis

positive taxis

movement towards a substance

negative taxis

consistent movement or orientation away from a substance

chemotaxis

movement in response to the presence of a chemical stimulus

phototaxis

movement in response to light

geotaxis

movement in response to gravity

agnostic behavior

exhibited when animals respond to each other by aggressive or submissive responses.

mating behavior

complex series of activities that mate with a member of the same species.

independent variable

factor changed or controlled by experimenter

dependent variable

The variable observed or measured.

What determines if atoms will bond?

valance electrons

what is on the exterior

electrons

what is on the interior

neutrons, electrons and protons

two types of bonds

ionic and covalent

ionic bonds

become stable by loosing or gaining electrons, dissociate easily with water

covalent bonds

atoms share electrons, stable bonds require energy to make and break

non-polar

equal sharing of electrons

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bonds

result of covalent bonds, forms because of polar ends of water and attract, negative and positive charged ions, they are also weak by itself but strong in large quantities.

Van Der Waals Interaction

weak interactions between atoms that are close together, due to different charges,

weak chemical bonds

important because without them we would not be alive, stabilize dna and protein.

dissociation of water

water molecules go back and forth between H2) and H^+ + OH^-

pH means

production of hydrogen

pH measures

the amount H+ in a solution

low pH=

high concentration

High pH=

low concentration

pH tolerance

living things can only tolerate a narrow range of pH

buffers

chemicals that help prevent pH changes

surface tension

gives ability to walk on water

cohesion

water sticking to other water

adhesion

things sticking to other things

hydrophobic

Does not like water

hydrophilic

likes water

cohesion and adhesion

surface tension and capillary action

water is a

good solvent

water is less dense as

a solid

water has high specific heat

meaning it stores heat

capillary action

water molecule will tow each other along when in a thin glass tube

high specific heat

water resist temperature change