AP psychology 3.8 a&b 3.9

study

operant conditioning

learning where behavior is likely/unlikely to reoccur if followed by reinforcer/punisher

The Law of Effect

behaviors followed by favorable/unfavorable consequences are more/less likely

Reinforcement

operant conditioning: any event that strengthens behavior it follows

Punishment

event that decrease behavior it follows

Positive Reinforcement

increase behaviors by adding good stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

Increases behaviors by removing bad stimulus

Primary Reinforcers

innate/unlearned reinforcing stimulus, satisfies biological need

Secondary Reinforcers

stimulus that gains power through association with primary inforcers

Reinforcement Discrimination

learning some responses, but not others will be reinforced

Reinforcement Generalization

Responses learned in one situation occurring in other, similar situation

Shaping

procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward desired behavior

Instinctive Drift

tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Learned Helplessness

hopelessness and passive resignation, humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated averse affects

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing a response everytime it occurs

Partial Reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part time

Fixed-Interval Schedule

schedule that reinforces a response after specified time has elapsed

Variable-Interval Schedule

schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictible time intervals

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

reinforces a response after a specified number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedule

reinforces a response after unpredictable number of responses

Social Learning Theory

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others

Vicarious Conditioning

learning behaviors by observing

Model

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Insight Learning

solving problems through sudden insight (eureka moment)

Latent Learning

learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there’s an incentive to demonstrate it

Cognitive Maps

mental representation of the layout of ones enviorment

positive punishment

add a bad stimulus

negative punishment

remove a good stimulus