Psychology Statistics

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Psychology

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42 Terms

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statistics
characterizes a sample
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parameter
characterizes a population
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sample
subset of observations from the population of interest
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population
ALL participants
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descriptive statistics
help us organize and summarize data
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inferential statistics
draw conclusions about populations based on sample data
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independent variable
used to describe/explain DV differences or cause the DV changes
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dependent variable
outcome of interest in an experiment, what we measure
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extraneous variables
variables (not the IV) that impact the DV, interfere with our findings
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quantitative
tells about amount or degree of variable
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qualitative
tells if things are different or the same but not amount
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nominal
categorize people/subjects into groups, groups usually have a title
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ordinal
NOT equal intervals
(ex. educational level, place in a contest, standing in graduation class)
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interval
equal intervals, categorize, rank order
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bar graph
set of NONadjoining rectangles whose heights represent frequency values, NOMINAL data
set of NONadjoining rectangles whose heights represent frequency values, NOMINAL data
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histogram
Set of ADJOINING rectangles whose heights represent the frequency of their values; QUANTITATIVE data
Set of ADJOINING rectangles whose heights represent the frequency of their values; QUANTITATIVE data
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frequency polygon
Series of dots whose heights represent the frequency of values connected by a line; QUANTITATIVE data
Series of dots whose heights represent the frequency of values connected by a line; QUANTITATIVE data
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positive skew
mean>median
mean>median
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negative skew
mean
mean<median
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central tendency
single score representing the entire data set and it helps us interpret single scores (ex. mean, mode, range)
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variability
a way of summarizing how spread out the scores in a distribution are
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mode
most commonly occurring score
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median
value that divides a distribution into two equal halves
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mean
arithmetic average
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μ
mean for a population
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mean for a sample
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correlation
quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
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spurious
artificially high or low
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empirical
based on actual scores
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generalizability
can apply findings from one sample or context to others
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random sample
subset of a population chosen so that all samples of size N have an equal opportunity of being selected
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correlational studies
participants come with their group membership (ex. # of pets, political affiliation, gender)
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Sampling distribution
distribution of sample statistics
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Frequency distribution
distribution of individual scores
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conceptual hypothesis
general statement about the relationship between the IV and DV or about the magnitude of a relationship
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statistical hypothesis
hypothesis written in mathematical notation
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null hypothesis
assumes there is no relationship/difference/effect
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1 tailed test vs 2 tailed test
knowt flashcard image
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type I error
rejecting a true null
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type II error
retaining a false null
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matched pairs
the experimenter made the matches (ex. basketball dunking)
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repeated measures
same participants are tested twice