chapter 1: kinematics and dynamics

includes the following units: vectors and scalars, displacement and velocity, forces and acceleration, newton's laws, motion with constant acceleration, and mechanical equilibrium

physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction

vectors

vector quantities include:

displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force

quantities without direction

scalars

the vector representation of a change in position

displacement

scalar quantity that reflects the path traveled

distance

the vector representation of the change in displacement with respect to time

velocity

total displacement divided by the total time

average velocity

the total distance divided by the total time

average speed

the limit of the change in displacement over time as the change in time approaches zero

instantaneous velocity

the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity vector

instantaneous speed

any push or pull that has the potential to result in an acceleration

force

the attractive force between two objects as a result of their masses

gravity

a force that opposes motion as a function ofelectrostatic interactions at the surfaces of two objects

friction

exists between two objects that are not in motion relative to each other

static friction

exists between two objects that are in motion relative to each other

kinetic friction

the coefficient of static friction is always (higher/lower) than the coefficient of kinetic friction

higher

measure of the inertia of an object, its amount of material

mass

the force experienced by a given mass due to its gravitational attraction to the earth

weight

the vector representation of the change in velocity over time

acceleration

an object will remain at rest or move with a constant velocity if there is no net force on the object

newton’s first law

any acceleration is the result of the sum of theforces acting on the object and its mass

newton’s second law

any two objects interacting with one another experience equal and opposite forces as a result of their interaction

newton’s third law

includes free fall and motion in which the velocity and acceleration vectors are parallel or antiparallel

linear motion

motion that contains both an x- and y-component

projectile motion

the only force acting on the object is gravity

projectile motion

component vectors equation

x=vcosθ

y=vsinθ

pythagorean theorem

x²+y²=v²

determination of direction from component vectors

θ=tan^-1(Y/X)

average velocity equation

v=(Δx/Δt)

universal gravitation equation

F_g=((Gm₁m₂)/r²)

average acceleration equation

a=(Δv)/(Δt)

kinematics no displacement equation

v=at+v₀

kinematics no final velocity equation

x = 1/2at² + v₀t + x₀

kinematics no time equation

v² - v₀² = 2aΔx

kinematics no acceleration equation

x=vt

centripetal force equation

F_c = (mv²)/r

torque equation

τ = rFsinθ