HIST 105 Final Bach

Reform movements

Rooted in the idea that humans can change society

Most reformers were middle class women

Reform issues

Observation of Sabbath, Dueling, Crime and Punishment, Poverty, Care for the handicapped, Pacifism, Foreign Missions, Temperance, Women's Rights, Abolition

Arguments for temperance

Drunken workers don't work hard enough

Drunkenness led to poverty

Women and children with alcoholic fathers

Clergy believed in morality and saving souls

Immigration and Nativism

Prohibitionists sought to impose American cultural values on Germans and Irish

American Temperance Union (1833)

Pressed that the sale of liquor is morally wrong and should be banned

Penitentiary development

Guilty would be rehabilitated

Auburn Penitentiary

Separate cells and brought together for group labor

Kept silent so they could meditate on their actions

Cult of Domesticity

A women's sphere is in the home and young should be trained in child rearing and housework

Women still could not vote, control property, or own children legally

Origins of the women's movement

Abolition

Declaration of Sentiments

Based on DOI

Men and women created equal

Language was too strong for most delegates and only 1/3 signed

Susan B. Anthony

Very active in anti-slavery and temperance then joined women's rights

American Colonization Society

Proposed resettling free slaves in Africa

Some supported because blacks would cause trouble is emancipated

William Llyod Garrison

Began the Liberator

Tired of moderation (radical)

Announced gradual emancipation

American Anti-Slavery Society

A pretty radical organization

Embraced virtually every reform movement

Lincoln did not support social equality

Sojourner Truth

Crisscrossed land supporting abolition and women's rights

Motivations for western settlement

Open land

Economic opportunity

Personal freedom

Greater social democracy

Manifest destiny

California gold rush

John Tyler's Presidency

Opposed Whig's American system

Vetoed bill for new national bank

Whig party deserted him

Religious and racial connotations with Manifest Destiny

The white race alone received the divine command to subdue and replenish the Earth

Santa Fe Trail

A lot of traders

Oregon Trail

Wanted to permanently settle

The Donner Party

Tried to follow their guide and had to find their own way

Cost them 18 days and ended up in snow

Reduced to cannibalism

Most died

Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)

Gave Indians compensation for hunting grounds that were disrupted by wagons. In exchange, the Indians stopped harassing caravans and limited the tribes in specific areas

Living on the frontier

Settlers had to make a living, most took up farming

Schools, churches, courts, and representative governments

They couldn't even afford their own land

Often people didn't find the social democracy and freedom they sought

The Alamo

Davy Crockett

Republic of Texas

Jackson did not recognize the republic, Van Buren ignored the issue

As the population grew, most were eager to see Texas join the Union

Sam Houston

First President of the Republic of Texas and commanding General of the Texas Revolutionary Army. Defeated the Mexican President and General of the Mexican Army, Santa Anna.

Battle of San Jacinto

the Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence

Calhoun's annexation bill

Annexation of Texas was though of as a plot to extend slavery

The James Polk Administration

Abolition could destroy the Union and the North drew away from the democratic party

Walker Tariff reduces tariff

Vetoes internal improvement bills

Annexed Texas

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA

Legacies of Mexican-American War

The US gained more than a million square miles of land

Continental US established

First successful American offensive war

Heightened tensions over slavery

The Old South: an overview

Southern distinctiveness revolved around slavery

Whites want to maintain and extend slavery

The product of black and white culture

Natives

Slavery is isolating the south

The Old South: farming

A distinctive southern characteristic

Small farms without slaves, large plantations with slaves

Obstacles to industrial development in the south

Inadequate transportation

Southern farmers were dependent on northern farmers for cotton

Slavery profitable

Investments in slaves and land were the most profitable investment available

So much was invested in slaves that there was no extra for other investments

The Cult of Honor

Men protect women

White men were even more domineering over women in the south than in the north

The Old South: the middle class

Farmers of corn and cotton

Small farmers were dependent on planters

Southern culture

Entertained on a lavish scale

Reputation, cult of honor, and dueling

Slavery meant they held the hierarchy

Southern defense of slavery

Slavery protects slaves

Workers in northern factories were treated worse than slaves

Bible defended slavery

People are not born equal

Paternalism

The idea was that slaveholders would be paternal to the slaves to morally justify slavery to themselves

Christian obligation

Slave codes

Govern slave life

Forbade slaves from having property, leaving premises without permission, being out after dark, congregating, carrying firearms, testify against whites, or strike a white person

Prohibited whites from teaching slaves to read or write

Killing a slave is not a crime

Slave religion

Host of gods

Christ was a lesser god

Magic and spells

Some voodoo

Slave family

Slave marriage had no legal status

Gave birth at a young age

Childhood was short

Children were often sold off

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Led slaves with guns and axes from house to house

Killed 60 whites

Over 100 slaves executed after

Day to day slave resistance

Refused to work too hard

Losing or breaking tools

Performing tasks improperly

Stealing from their masters

Slavery in cities

Slaves moved about during the day on their own performing errands

Mining, lumbering, ship docks, construction, driving wagons

Skilled workers would be hired out and then turn over the money to their master

Line between slavery and freedom was more distinct

Free Blacks

In the old south, free blacks were in limbo status

Some were able to purchase freedom

The Great Debate

Led to the Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as free

Utah ad New Mexico subject to popular sovereignty

Texas borders settled

"Final settlement of the slavery issue"

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Established Kansas and Nebraska territories

Puts territories to popular sovereignty

Effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Southern pro-slavery wing of Democratic party grows in power

Whig party dissolves

Emergence of the Republican Party

Ultimate causes of the Civil War

Free labor ideology

South as backward and inferior - a separate civilization

Slave power is controlling the government

North = free soil for free labor

South = extend slavery to the West

Scott v. Stanford (1857)

Scott = slave = personal property

Congress could not prohibit slave owners from taking their property into other territories

MO Compromise unconstitutional

Reinforces Republican fear of Slave Power conspiracy

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln believed slavery was immoral and slaves should be entitled to basic human rights

Harper's Ferry

Convinces Southerners that they could no longer live safely in the Union

Very important because no other event did this

The Election of 1860

The election of Lincoln was the signal for most Southerners that their position in the Union was hopeless

Union Advantages

97% of firearms

96% of railroad equipment

More of everything

Confederate Advantages

Can fight a defensive war on their own terrain

More experienced military leaders (initially)

Union Strategy

Anaconda Strategy

Defend Washington and exert pressure on Richmond

Blockade the Southern Coast

Divide the Confederacy

Confederate Strategy

Stalemate the Union until popular opinion turns against the war in the north

Get the British and french to join the Confederate cause

Second Battle of Bull Run

Lee is now on the offensive

Antietam

A turning point

Revived Northern morale

Emboldened Lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation

Dashed Confederate hopes of gaining foreign aid

Emancipation

Changed the meaning of the war: restore the Union and abolish slavery

freed only the slaves under Confederate control

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

Slave labor was bolstering the Confederate cause

Morale could be boosted in the North

Making the war about slavery and ending the idea that the French or British would join Confederacy

Chancellorsville

Lee's last great victory

Stonewall Jackson killed

Vicksburg

Confederacy cut in two

Gettysburg

Pickett's charge

War turned into Union's favor

Why did the Union win?

North had overwhelming superiority in manpower and firepower

The freed slaves

In the former confederate states, slaves remained dependent on whites

Freedmen's Bureau

Trusted with negotiating labor contracts, providing medical care, and setting up schools

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Confederate could be readmitted to the Union once 10% of it's voters swore an oath of allegiance and received a pardon

No pardon if they did not keep POWs

Wade-Davis Bill

Required that a majority of white male citizens declare allegiance to the Union

Andrew Johnson's Plan

Pro slavery Unionist that hated the planter elite

To win readmission, a state has to abolish slavery, revoke secession, and take a loyalty oath

Black Codes

Restricted the freedom of newly freed slaves

Officials could apprehend unemployed blacks, fine the, and hire them out

Reerected slavery in another guise

Civil Rights Act (1866)

Blacks are citizens of the US

13th amendment

Abolished slavery

Allows prison labor

Cannot be owned by another human being

14th amendment

Offered the definition of American Citizen

Equal protection under the law by federal and state governments

Radical reconstruction

Ten states divided into five military districts

Military commander to register qualified voters

States required to ratify 14th and 15th amendments

15th amendment

Allowed black males to vote

Tenure of office act

Forbade president from removing officials without the consent of the Senate

To protect the Secretary of War

Terrorism

To prevent blacks from voting

Employers refused to give them work

KKK

Whites used terrorism to undermine reconstruction

Compromise of 1877

The Democrats would allow Hayes to be president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops in the South

Reconstruction is over

Legacy of Reconstruction

Helps slaves get dignity and equality

Redistribution of income not land

Blacks carved out a culture and society of their own

A disaster for the south

No drastic economic reform