HSP3U Test Review 1

Ethics In Research

Ethics is the moral principle that controls one’s behaviour in an activity. Ethics in research involves the standards that scientific researchers should follow, right  to privacy, informed consent, and debriefing. One’s right to privacy allows the client/patient to stay as anonymous as possible, next informed consent; consent forms are given and participants in the study should be aware of all potential risk factors and place the liability on the researchers. Debriefing includes the talk after the study, a way to discuss what happened during the study and how that information is going to be used. However debriefing is never always necessary as it is correlated to the type of research being conducted. However, with debriefing comes exposing of lies and helps the participants reveal more of their behaviour 

What do social scientists need to be concerned about

Social Scientists need to be concerned with non malfeasance, aka do no harm. Where the Social scientist’s experiments should not endanger any individual involved both mentally and physically. Next, does this benefit society in a positive way? If not, why do it in the first place?   This is the concept called Beneficence, it goes hand in hand with Justice. Do the benefits of the risk of the research equal the possible outcomes? Lastly, Autonomy, the respect of the rights and privacy of involved participants. Autonomy - respect the rights and freedoms of participants

Anthropological:

Study of how society relates to culture and how beliefs today came to be and why / how they change. This focuses on religion, rites of passages and gender norms. Anthropology covers a lot of aspects, cultural, ecology, forensic, physical, and structural functionalism.

Psychological

Study of the brain which involves brain chemistry, and how our experiences influence our behaviour. This examines one’s mental illnesses and the methods we use to cope. Covers clinical, developmental, experimental, neuropsychology, and social psychology! 

Sociological

Study of how individuals interact with others and how that affects our behaviours. Sociologists examine group dynamics and social expectations, focusing on how we are influenced by those around us and how we behave differently in different situations. Covers conflict, functionalism, macro vs micro 

* Personality

One’s personality differs from one another because of our innate interests, and how humans tend to focus on people’s differences. This helps us decide our friends and potential partners and our cues for social interactions

Personality traits

Nature vs Nurture has been an ongoing debate within the social sciences. Nature focuses on personality and that it is determined by our genes and our physical survival needs. On the other hand, Nurture focuses on  personality that is determined by our psychological needs (like the need for approval.)

Influence of genetics

The influence of genetics primarily focused into the idea of Nature vs Nurture as it’s potentially tied to intelligence. These studies tend to focus on twins, that indicate that they are likely to share similar traits

Psychodynamic approach: definition

The Psychodynamic approach is a way to see the unconscious mind. It states that the events in our childhood have an influence on our adult lives which shapes our personality.

Humanistic Approach

Humnansitic Approach: The conscious understanding of ones self and the motivation to achieve fulfillment.

Maslow Hierachy

Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy where it sets our needs at certain levels. The bare minimum is physical needs and the highest being self actualization.

Sociologists

Sociologists examine group dynamics and social expectations, focusing on how we are influenced by those around us and how we behave differently in different situations.

Inattentional blindness

is the failure to perceive a given stimulus, a friend waves to you in the hallway but you didnt know.

Psychodynamic approach

is a way to see the unconscious mind.

bare minimum

The _____ is physical needs and the highest being self actualization.

transmission of knowledge

The ________ and skills, curriculum is set in place to help the individual gain knowledge that is considered "a need to know.

disease model

The ________ explains that addiction is a disease and it is an abnormal condition within the patient that is triggered by environmental factors and it can not be reversed.

Genie case study

The ________ involves a young girl who was raised in a severe abusive household where she (Genie case study) was locked into a room.

Iconic Memory

________ is experience, large capacity and it decays very fast.

Perception of colours

________ is dependent on the surrounding environment.

influence of genetics

The ________ primarily focused into the idea of Nature vs Nurture as its potentially tied to intelligence.

Peers

________ introduce the individual to a deeper level of communication where they learn about culture through a variety of ethnic and social backgrounds.

Nature vs Nurture

________ has been an ongoing debate within the social sciences.

Kinesthetic sense

________ is how our body parts interact with each other.

physical aspect

The ________ is ones biological state and how our body reacts to the substance.

Ones personality

________ differs from one another because of our innate interests, and how humans tend to focus on peoples differences.

Autonomy

respect the rights and freedoms of participants

Formation of identity

anthropological, psychological, and sociological explanation

Psychodynamic approach

definition

Humanistic approach

definition, Maslows hierarchy

Humanistic Approach

The conscious understanding of ones self and the motivation to achieve fulfillment

Maslow’s Hierachy

Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy where it sets our needs at certain levels. The bare minimum is physical needs and the highest being self actualization.

There are two types*How the Nature/Nurture Debate is Changing* of addiction

The Nature/Nurture debate is changing as time has progressed. The study of epigenetics is the modifications of DNA, and how the environment can affect one’s genetic makeup. With these upcoming studies they prove that nature and nurture actually go hand in hand.

Genie case study

The Genie case study involves a young girl who was raised in a severe abusive household where she was locked into a room. This case raised ethical concerns involving the way they managed it, but it primarily focused on the isolation. The isolation Genie experienced caused her to have her motor skills and “normal” functioning affected, hence if one is isolated from a very early age it can impact them in several different ways.

BBC article

There are physical effects of isolation, one’s blood pressure may be higher, more vulnerable to infection and those often experience time shifting or slowing time. Time shifting is when one who lives underground struggles perceiving time. Slowing time is similar, but instead the individual usually adjusted to a different schedule, making it appear like time has slowed down. Next, individuals can also experience tricks played by our brains, it’s our nervous system making a pattern so our brain can perceive the nonsensical.

Agents of socialization

The people that can shape an individual’s social development Groups are significant to one’s development as they influence you during points of your life 

The Family

* An individual’s foundation for most basic survival skills and their beliefs to survive. It’s where they are introduced to what’s right and wrong. 

School

* The transmission of knowledge and skills, curriculum is set in place to help the individual gain knowledge that is considered “a need to know”

Peer Groups

* Peers introduce the individual to a deeper level of communication where they learn about culture through a variety of ethnic and social backgrounds

Workplace, Media, Religion

* Workplace teaches the individual the appropriate behaviours, media can shape behaviours and religion can set the standard of a behaviour 

Sensation vs perception

* Sensation is when we detect something from our environment and it becomes a neural signal, something that is actually there. On the other hand Perception is the way we interpret sensory information, it helps us interpret the stimuli from the outside world. 

Vision

There are different parts within the brain where we can process things such as colour, depth and motion. Perception of colours is dependent on the surrounding environment.

Body & Skin Senses

Otherwise known as touch there are several senses of touch. One’s skin sense relates to pressure and pain, how we react to touch is how we perceive our surroundings. Vestibular senses is the movement related to gravity, one’s sense of balance. Kinesthetic sense is how our body parts interact with each other.

Role of attention + examples

One’s attention is selective and we can only focus on one perception at a time. Even if we have knowledge that there is another perception we cannot see both, it’s directed by our internal decisions and interaction with external stimuli. An example of this would be an optical illusion, where you could see a woman’s face in one perception but then a flower in the next.

Inattentional blindness

*  is the failure to perceive a given stimulus, a friend waves to you in the hallway but you didn’t know 

Change Blindness

* is the failure to detect a drastic change in the environment, something jumps to you while you're driving 

 COcktail party Effect

*  is the ability to concentrate on a singular voice while blocking out others. 

* Multitasking: what is the myth, what actually happens

* is a myth that is commonly described as one’s ability to handle several tasks at once. The reality behind this myth is that we cannot multitask. This is because we cannot FULLY focus on one task at a time if several things happen simultaneously that can interfere with your sensory processing. One could utilize the start/stop/start process that lets our focus switch quickly but that can damage our neurobiology in the brain. 

“Do pretty people earn more?”

Pretty people earn more, that is a simple fact that is shown throughout society. Without a doubt people that have a surface appearance that matches societal standards they are treated better especially in workplaces. There are instances in my own workplace where I know someone who has been there longer than others get paid less because they are conventionally unattractive. However, our society is malleable and we can change this behaviour. The actions one chooses based on someone’s appearance cannot be influenced by it if we simply ignore it.

Addiction Note -

Addition by definition is the relapsing disorder by compulsive drug seeking and the continued use of the harmful substance. There are two types of addiction: emotional and physical. The physical aspect is one’s biological state and how our body reacts to the substance. Continuing, the emotional aspect is the compulsion and the way one deals with their emotional stress. Lastly, there is a difference between abuse vs dependence. Substance abuse is the repeated use of the substance and it can interfere with one;s ability to function. However substance dependence is when they require an increased amount of said substance to achieve a desired effect.

Addiction Treatment - Disease

Abstinence, recognize your vulnerability and treat it as such

Addiction Treatment - Evolutionary

Increase rewards associated with a positive activity “Short time rewards”

Addiction Treatment - Psychopathology

Identify and resolve the underlying disorders

Addiction Treatment -Social Learning

Find models of healthy behaviour to follow

Point/Counterpoint - DiseaseP

There are 2 points within Addiction which are Disease model and Psychopathology. The disease model explains that addiction is a disease and it is an abnormal condition within the patient that is triggered by environmental factors and it cannot be reversed. The addiction to the substance will stay there until it’s triggered by the substance again.

Point/Counterpoint - Evolutionary P

However, the evolutionary model sees addiction as our instinctive desires for pleasure, however substance addiction provides our natural healthy desires and that can harm us.

Point/Counterpoint - Psychoptahology C

*  explains addiction as a mental disorder and that the addiction is often accompanied by cognitive difficulties. This is known as COMORBIDITY, two chronic conditions within a patient. 

Point/Counterpoint - Social learnig C

 states that addictive behaviour is learned by others and it is simply social conditioning. Modeled behaviour stems from childhood and the child is more likely to abuse the substance

The Real Eve

The Real Eve is a theory that states that all women stem from a genetic eve, our mitochondrial genes are the same as Genetic Eve. There is evidence that supports this theory such as climatic records that show humanity that survived that can be traced back to Genetic Eve.

Who is Jean Piaget?

Jean Piaget is a French Psychologist who created the Coginitive development Theory, the theory is still utlized in classes

Sensoriomotor

From an individual’s birth to when they are two they are experiencing a stage called Sensoriomotor. They experience the world around them through their 5 sensnes and are able to understand object permanence

Pre-operational

2-6 years old. They develop language ability with the use of memory and imagination. Often their thinking is nonlogical and they are egocentric

Concrete Operational

Developed Logical and the ability to link objects to symbols

Formal Operational

12 years old to adulthood. Able to link symbols to abstract ideas, critical thinking. However not every adult actually reaches this stage.

Erik Erikson

A Neo Freudian German Psychologist. Believed Humans will continue to develop over their lifetime not just in childhood. Adolescents would experience an Identity Crisis.

Trust Vs MisTrust

Trust is developed when survival needs are often met

Frustration & withdrawal

**Autonomy vs shame & doubt** 

**(2-3 years old)**

Supportive environment = autonomy

No trust can lead to shame and lack of independence 

**Initiative vs. guilt** \n **(3-5 years old)**

Initiative increase with responsibility

Anxiety about tasks 

**Industry vs inferiority** \n **(6 years - puberty)**

Interest develops in knowledge + awarenesses

Lack or unsuccessful learning experiences leads to inferiority 

**Identity vs Role confusion**

**(teens - 20s)**

Increased concern for the perceived view of them by others

Inability to settle on identity 

**Intimacy vs isolation** 

**(20s early 40s)**

Well formed identity allows the ability for close relationships and friendships

Social isolation is more likely if identity limits experience that can harm ego 

**Generativity vs stagnation** \n **(40s-60s)**

Middle aged feel to guide the next generation

Lack of purpose = stagnation 

**Integrity vs. despair** \n **(late 60s onward)**

Integrity is achieved if previous stages are developed well

Fear of death / dependence on others 

What is the idea of Erik Erikson’s Stages?

Erik Erikson’s stages talk about the development within adolescents and how if their needs are met how they behave.

What is the idea of Piaget’s Stages?

The general idea of Piaget’s stages is how an indvidual develops logic and their coginitive ability to function as they grow

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

An American Psychologist who debunked the theory that men had more variable in their physical and mental capaibilites.

Who studied Gifted children?

Hollingworth studied gifed children and believed that it was both genes and the education that changed a child’s potentional. Her work led to a better understanding of the needs of gifted children.

Harry Harlow

An American Psychology Professor who developed tests on primates that are standardized now. He often looked at the idea of “The Need for affection vs the staisfaction of physical needs.” With his experiments he concluded that infants depend on their caregivers for more than physical satisifcation

Iconic Memory

ones experience, large capacity, decays fast

Short Term Memory

Limited Capcity, rehearsal = maintain information, information retrieved from the LTM

Long-Term Memory

Unlimited Capacity, little decay, semantic coding = the abstract components of an idea / impression of a memory