HSP3U Test Review 1

• Ethics in research
  • What is it
  • Ethics is the moral principle that controls one’s behaviour in an activity. Ethics in research involves the standards that scientific researchers should follow, right  to privacy, informed consent, and debriefing. One’s right to privacy allows the client/patient to stay as anonymous as possible, next informed consent; consent forms are given and participants in the study should be aware of all potential risk factors and place the liability on the researchers. Debriefing includes the talk after the study, a way to discuss what happened during the study and how that information is going to be used. However debriefing is never always necessary as it is correlated to the type of research being conducted. However, with debriefing comes exposing of lies and helps the participants reveal more of their behaviour
  • What do social scientists need to be concerned about
  • Social Scientists need to be concerned with non malfeasance, aka do no harm. Where the Social scientist’s experiments should not endanger any individual involved both mentally and physically. Next, does this benefit society in a positive way? If not, why do it in the first place?   This is the concept called Beneficence, it goes hand in hand with Justice. Do the benefits of the risk of the research equal the possible outcomes? Lastly, Autonomy, the respect of the rights and privacy of involved participants. Autonomy - respect the rights and freedoms of participants

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• Formation of identity: anthropological, psychological, and sociological explanation
  • Anthropological:
  • Study of how society relates to culture and how beliefs today came to be and why / how they change. This focuses on religion, rites of passages and gender norms. Anthropology covers a lot of aspects, cultural, ecology, forensic, physical, and structural functionalism.
  • Psychological
  • Study of the brain which involves brain chemistry, and how our experiences influence our behaviour. This examines one’s mental illnesses and the methods we use to cope. Covers clinical, developmental, experimental, neuropsychology, and social psychology!
  • Sociological
  • Study of how individuals interact with others and how that affects our behaviours. Sociologists examine group dynamics and social expectations, focusing on how we are influenced by those around us and how we behave differently in different situations. Covers conflict, functionalism, macro vs micro
• Personality and Identity
  • Personality
  • One’s personality differs from one another because of our innate interests, and how humans tend to focus on people’s differences. This helps us decide our friends and potential partners and our cues for social interactions
  • Personality traits
  • A person's way of tendency to act in a particular way and it is a part of the person not the environment that surrounds them. However, the environment can trigger certain behaviors and describes how people are different but not really why.
  • Nature vs nurture
  • Nature vs Nurture has been an ongoing debate within the social sciences. Nature focuses on personality and that it is determined by our genes and our physical survival needs. On the other hand, Nurture focuses on  personality that is determined by our psychological needs (like the need for approval.)
  • Influence of genetics
  • The influence of genetics primarily focused into the idea of Nature vs Nurture as it’s potentially tied to intelligence. These studies tend to focus on twins, that indicate that they are likely to share similar traits
  • Psychodynamic approach: definition
  • The Psychodynamic approach is a way to see the unconscious mind. It states that the events in our childhood have an influence on our adult lives which shapes our personality.
  • Humanistic approach: definition, Maslow’s hierarchy
  • Humanistic Approach: The conscious understanding of one’s self and the motivation to achieve fulfillment.
  • Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy where it sets our needs at certain levels. The bare minimum is physical needs and the highest being self actualization.
  • Individualism vs collectivism
• How the Nature/Nurture Debate is Changing
  • The Nature/Nurture debate is changing as time has progressed. The study of epigenetics is the modifications of DNA, and how the environment can affect one’s genetic makeup. With these upcoming studies they prove that nature and nurture actually go hand in hand.
• Isolation
  • Genie case study
  • The Genie case study involves a young girl who was raised in a severe abusive household where she was locked into a room. This case raised ethical concerns involving the way they managed it, but it primarily focused on the isolation. The isolation Genie experienced caused her to have her motor skills and “normal” functioning affected, hence if one is isolated from a very early age it can impact them in several different ways.
  • BBC article
  • There are physical effects of isolation, one’s blood pressure may be higher, more vulnerable to infection and those often experience time shifting or slowing time. Time shifting is when one who lives underground struggles perceiving time. Slowing time is similar, but instead the individual usually adjusted to a different schedule, making it appear like time has slowed down. Next, individuals can also experience tricks played by our brains, it’s our nervous system making a pattern so our brain can perceive the nonsensical.
• Agents of socialization
  • The people that can shape an individual’s social development
  • Groups are significant to one’s development as they influence you during points of your life
  • The Family
  • An individual’s foundation for most basic survival skills and their beliefs to survive. It’s where they are introduced to what’s right and wrong.
  • School
  • The transmission of knowledge and skills, curriculum is set in place to help the individual gain knowledge that is considered “a need to know”
  • Peer Groups
  • Peers introduce the individual to a deeper level of communication where they learn about culture through a variety of ethnic and social backgrounds
  • Workplace, Media, Religion
  • Workplace teaches the individual the appropriate behaviours, media can shape behaviours and religion can set the standard of a behaviour

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• Perception vs Reality
  • Sensation vs perception
  • Sensation is when we detect something from our environment and it becomes a neural signal, something that is actually there. On the other hand Perception is the way we interpret sensory information, it helps us interpret the stimuli from the outside world.
  • How sensory systems work/don’t work
  • Vision
    • There are different parts within the brain where we can process things such as colour, depth and motion. Perception of colours is dependent on the surrounding environment.
  • Body & Skin Senses
    • Otherwise known as touch there are several senses of touch. One’s skin sense relates to pressure and pain, how we react to touch is how we perceive our surroundings. Vestibular senses is the movement related to gravity, one’s sense of balance. Kinesthetic sense is how our body parts interact with each other.
  • Role of attention + examples
  • One’s attention is selective and we can only focus on one perception at a time. Even if we have knowledge that there is another perception we cannot see both, it’s directed by our internal decisions and interaction with external stimuli. An example of this would be an optical illusion, where you could see a woman’s face in one perception but then a flower in the next.
  • Inattentional blindness is the failure to perceive a given stimulus, a friend waves to you in the hallway but you didn’t know
  • Change Blindness is the failure to detect a drastic change in the environment, something jumps to you while you're driving
  • COcktail party Effect is the ability to concentrate on a singular voice while blocking out others.
  • Multitasking: what is the myth, what actually happens
  • Multitasking is a myth that is commonly described as one’s ability to handle several tasks at once. The reality behind this myth is that we cannot multitask. This is because we cannot FULLY focus on one task at a time if several things happen simultaneously that can interfere with your sensory processing. One could utilize the start/stop/start process that lets our focus switch quickly but that can damage our neurobiology in the brain.
• “Do pretty people earn more?”
  • Pretty people earn more, that is a simple fact that is shown throughout society. Without a doubt people that have a surface appearance that matches societal standards they are treated better especially in workplaces. There are instances in my own workplace where I know someone who has been there longer than others get paid less because they are conventionally unattractive. However, our society is malleable and we can change this behaviour. The actions one chooses based on someone’s appearance cannot be influenced by it if we simply ignore it.
• Addiction
  • Note
  • Addition by definition is the relapsing disorder by compulsive drug seeking and the continued use of the harmful substance. There are two types of addiction: emotional and physical. The physical aspect is one’s biological state and how our body reacts to the substance. Continuing, the emotional aspect is the compulsion and the way one deals with their emotional stress. Lastly, there is a difference between abuse vs dependence. Substance abuse is the repeated use of the substance and it can interfere with one;s ability to function. However substance dependence is when they require an increased amount of said substance to achieve a desired effect.
  • Treatment
  • Disease
    • Abstinence, recognize your vulnerability and treat it as such
  • Evolutionary
    • Increase rewards associated with a positive activity “Short time rewards”
  • Psychopathology
    • Identify and resolve the underlying disorders
  • Social Learning
    • Find models of healthy behaviour to follow
  • Point/counterpoint
  • There are 2 points within Addiction which are Disease model and Psychopathology. The disease model explains that addiction is a disease and it is an abnormal condition within the patient that is triggered by environmental factors and it cannot be reversed. The addiction to the substance will stay there until it’s triggered by the substance again.
  • However, the evolutionary model sees addiction as our instinctive desires for pleasure, however substance addiction provides our natural healthy desires and that can harm us.
  • Psychopathology explains addiction as a mental disorder and that the addiction is often accompanied by cognitive difficulties. This is known as COMORBIDITY, two chronic conditions within a patient.
  • Social Learning Theory states that addictive behaviour is learned by others and it is simply social conditioning. Modeled behaviour stems from childhood and the child is more likely to abuse the substance
• The Real Eve: What is the theory? What evidence exists to support it?
  • The Real Eve is a theory that states that all women stem from a genetic eve, our mitochondrial genes are the same as Genetic Eve. There is evidence that supports this theory such as climatic records that show humanity that survived that can be traced back to Genetic Eve.
• Life stages: Erikson’s stages, Piaget’s stages, Harlow, Hollingworth
  • Jean Piaget
  • French Psychologist
  • Developmental and Cognitive Psychology
  • Creation of Cognitive development theory
    • This theory is used in classrooms
    • Graphs, charts eventually lead to -> class discussions, critical thinking

• Erik Erikson

  • German Psychologist + Child Analyst

  • A Neo Freudian due to child development + ego

    • One who agrees with the Freudian Theory

  • Believed Humans will continue to develop over their lifetime not just in childhood

  • Adolescents would experience an Identity Crisis

    • A time in a teengar’s life filled with extreme self-consciousnesses as they attempt to integrate themselves into society

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• Leta Stetter Hollingworth

  • American Psychologist
  • The field was a male dominated industry where they had beliefs that men had were more variable in their physical and  mental abilities.
    • Hollingworth was able to debunk this theory by doing a study that poked huge holes in the theory that men had more variability in physique.
  • Cognitive Abilities of Children
    • The first to study gifted children
    • Believed that it was both genes and education that changes a child's potential
      • This work led to a better understanding of the needs of gifted children as gifted children had difficulties adjusting to their environment

• Harry Harlow

  • American Psychology Professor

  • Developed tests on primates that are standardized now

  • The Need for affection vs the satisfaction of physical needs

  • Harlow experiments with primates and proved that infants depend on their caregivers for  more than physical comfort

  • Memory

• 3 types of memory + how each one works

  • Iconic Memory 
    • Iconic Memory is experience, large capacity and it decays very fast
  • Short term Memory
    • Limited capacity and with rehearsal it will maintain information. Information from the LTM is retrieved and used 
  • Long term memory
    • Unlimited capacity and very little decay Semantic coding