Chapter 5: The Organic Molecules of Life

What do we consider Organic Molecule?

• Molecule that contains CARBON

• Typically associated with living organism

Inorganic Molecules

• Does NOT contain CARBON

• Mineral or gases

What are other common element found in organic molecules?

• H

• N

• O

Why is Carbon selected as Organic Compound?

• Stable

• Almost always shares e^- with other C making long chain

• C-H (hydrocarbon) form stable ring structure

What type of bond would be used in a Carbon Bond?

Covalent Bond

4 classes of Organic compound

• Carbohydrates

• Protein

• Lipid

• Nucleic Acid

Composition: Carbohydrates

• C

• H

• O

Ration of 1:2:1

Very Common Carbohydrate used in all organism is

• Glucose

• C₆H₁₂O₆

Plants make glucose through

Photosynthesis

Main function of Carbohydrates is

Immediate SHORT TERM ENERGY STORAGE in animals and plants

Carbohydrates: single sugar

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates: Two sugar

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates: Many sugars

Polysaccharides

Other form of Carbohydrates include

• Starch

• Glycogen

• Cellulose

Long chain of Carbohydrates bonded together

Glycogen importance

For the animals: Energy storage in the liver

Cellulose importance

Cell wall of the plant

Starch importance

Plant energy storage

Bond between carbohydrate is though which chemical reaction?

• Condensation: dehydration

• Releases water

OH+OH→ release water and O bonds 2 ring together

Breaking polymer of Carbohydrates is through which Chemical reaction?

Hydrolysis: add H₂O

Lipids are made of

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

Is lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic, They do not mix with water

Example of lipids

• Butter

• Oil

• Wax

Lipids are made of

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Function of lipid

• Long term Energy Storage

• Structural support of Cell Membrane

• Cell signaling (hormones)

Special lipid of cell membrane is called

Phopholipids

Types of FATS

• Saturated Fat

• Unsaturated Fat

• Trans Fat

Characteristics of Saturated Fat

• Single bond only

• Solid at room temperature

• Example: Wax

Characteristics of Unsaturated Fat

• One or more double bond or triple bond

• Liquid at room temperature

• Example: Oil

Characteristics of Unsaturated Trans Fat

• Contain double bond between two carbons with hydrogen on the opposite side

• Harder to break down

• Example: dounut

Name of fat

Unsaturated Fat

Name of Fat

Saturated Fat

Name of Fat

Unsaturated Trans Fat

What are Steroids?

• Lipids that possess a Carbon Ring

Function of steroid

• It depends on the compound (functional group) at the end of each carbon skeleton:

  • Cell signaling

  • Hormone

  • Cell membrane structure

Which of the following correctly matches an organic compound with its example?

Carbohydrates-Fructose

The sex hormone such as Testosterone and Estrogen at the 6 weeks or less of Fetal development will

Determine the sex of the fetus and its characteristics

Protein is composed of

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Smaller SUBUNIT of protein is called

Amino Acids (AA)

Amino acids are linked together with which bond?

peptide bond

How many AA to build proteins in living organism?

20 AA

Peptide bond is a covalent bond, The e ^- are

Not shared equally allowing H-bond between C=0 and N-H

How to determine the function of the protein?

The order of AA will determine the function of the protein

Function of Proteins

• Structural support: Muscle, hair

• Cell transport: Channel and carrier protein

• Metabolism: Enzyme

• Expression of the Traits

• Defense: Antibody

• Regulation: Intercellular Messenger (hGh)

• Motion: actin and myosin

Level of structure of the Protein

• Primary structure

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

• Quaternary structure

Primary structure of protein

Linear: sequence of Amino Acid

Secondary structure of protein

• Alpha helix

• Beta sheet

Tertiary structure of protein

Globular Shape: Folding helix will determine the function of protein

Quaternary structure of protein

Two or more polypeptide interacting

What is Nucleic Acid?

Long chain of repeating subunits of NUCLEOTIDES

Nucleotide is composed of

• 5 ring sugar

• Phosphate group

• Nitrogen base

Two types of Nucleic Acid

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

DNA Nitrogen Base

• Adenine (A)

• Thymine (T)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)

Double strand

RNA Nitrogen Base

• Adenine (A)

• Uracil (U)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)

Single strand

Purines are

• Double ring

• A, G

Pyrimidine

• Single ring

• C,T,U

Function of Nucleic Acid

• Storage of Genetic Material

• Responsible for heredity