Tags & Description
Ignaz Semmelweis
Noticed that babies born in the maternity ward handled by medical students/doctors were most likely to get a fever and die compared to those who were in the ward with midwives.
Florence Nightingale
Implemented handwashing and hygiene practices in the war hospital. Achieved reduction in infections.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
= infections absent at the time of admission and was acquired in the healthcare setting = Associated with prolonged stay in the hospital or inadequate hygiene practices of personnel
Cross-infection
Indirect spread of pathogens from one patient to another on inadequately cleaned hands of hospital personnel
Autoinoculation
Aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lungs along the endotracheal tube
Urinary tract infections
From pathogens that spread up the periurethral space from the patient’s perineum or gastrointestinal tract
Intraluminal contamination
contamination due to cross infection by caregivers who are irrigating catheters or emptying drainage bags
pyuria
pus in urine
catheter-associated UTI or CAUTI
Non-localizing systemic symptoms in a patient with urinary catheter
Fever
Peripheral leukocytosis
Altered mental status
catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria
Positive urine culture in the absence of urinary symptoms and systemic symptoms related to the urinary tract in a patient with urinary catheter
D
Some recommended antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI are as follows EXCEPT:
A. Nitrofurantoin B. Fluoroquinolones C. Fosfomycin D. Metronidazole
TRUE
[TRUE OR FALSE] Place bladder catheters only when absolutely needed (eg. to relieve obstruction), not solely for the providers’ convenience
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Accounts for 10-15% of nosocomial infections
associated with more deaths than are infections at any other body site
Oropharyngeal colonization
Elimination of normal flora from antibiotic treatment
Aspiration around the time of intubation
Gastroesophageal reflux
Bacterial overgrowth in the stomach
False; it belongs to non-MDR pathogens
[TRUE OR FALSE] Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to MDR pathogens
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] Legionella pneumoniophila belongs to MDR pathogens
False; it belongs to non-MDR pathogens
[TRUE OR FALSE] Serratia marcescens belongs to MDR pathogens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
usually seen in community-acquired pneumonia but can also be observed in ventilator-acquired pneumonia
Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci
Catalase negative
Bile and optochin sensitive
Positive Quelling reaction
Positive Quelling reaction
Capsular swelling when mixed with antiserum (antibodies against polysaccharide capsule) and methylene blue on a glass slide
Septic shock
splenectomy predisposes to sepsis from encapsulated bacteria
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Widely distributed in nature and is commonly present in moist environments in hospitals
Known to cause disease in people with altered and decreased host defenses (neutropenia, chemotherapy, and burn wounds)
Motile, rod-shaped, Gram-negative; occurs as single bacteria, in pairs, or occasionally in short chains
In culture, it produces a sweet or grape-like or taco-like odor
Burn wounds
First barrier against infection (skin) is compromised
Pyocyanin
nonfluorescent bluish pigment
Pyoverdine
gives greenish color to the agar (Mueller-Hinton Agar) when combined with pyocyanin
Pyorubin
dark red pigment
Pyomelanin
black pigment
Exotoxin A
causes tissue necrosis by blocking protein synthesis (blocks elongation factor 2)
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] P. aeruginosa is pathogenic only when introduced into areas devoid of normal defenses, such as mucous membranes and skin disrupted by direct tissue damage
meningitis
this disease can occur when P. aeruginosa is introduced by lumbar puncture or neurosurgical procedures
Mild otitis externa
clinical findings of P. aeruginosa that is mostly found in swimmers
Ecthyma gangrenosum
hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin
Folliculitis
clinical findings of P. aeruginosa that is associated with poorly chlorinated hot tubs and swimming pools
False; P. aeruginosa can destroy beta-lactam antibiotics
[TRUE OR FALSE] Beta-lactamase can be used as a treatment for P. aeruginosa
Surgical wound infections
Caused by:
Patient’s endogenous or hospital acquired and mucosal flora
Airborne spread of skin squames that may shed to wound (from OR personnel)
Rarely, airborne spread through droplet nuclei from an infected “disseminator” among the staff
False; should be administered 1 hour before surgery
[TRUE OR FALSE] Administering prophylactic antibiotics within 1 hour after surgery is a must to prevent surgical site infection
INTRAVASCULAR DEVICE-RELATED BACTEREMIA
Infection is derived from cutaneous microflora of the insertion site, with pathogens migrating extraluminal to the catheter tip
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] Diagnosis for intravascular device-related bacteremia include: Recovery of the same species of microorganisms from the peripheral blood cultures (2 sites) and from semi quantitative or quantitative cultures of the vascular catheter tip
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] a devoid of proper handwashing in a hospital setting can produce HAP or VAP
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] The care bundle approach to providing medical care forms part of a more general philosophical change in the way that medicine is practiced
True
[TRUE OR FALSE] The choice of inclusion in a care bundle is heavily based on expert opinion
False; Semmelweis' discovery was hardly accepted because it's merely seen as a simple cure an recommendations
[TRUE OR FALSE] Semmelweis' proposed a practical handwashing measures and his colleagues immediately accepted and practiced it
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