Anatomy test #4... prayers prayers

What are the borders of the pelvic region

Supierior = pelvic inlet

inferior = pelvic outlet/ pelvic diaphrgm

What are the regions in the pelvise bone area (in gen)

pelvic brim

greater false pelvis

inferior lesser pelvis

What are the 3 sections of the pelvis and what bones are found in there + what other structures can be found (anteriror side)

1. Ilium

   1. Iliac crest

   2. Iliac fossa

   3. Anterior superior iliac spine

   4. Anterior inferior iliac spine

2. Ishium

   1. Spine

   2. Body ramus

3. Pubis 

   1. Superior ramus

   2. Inferior ramus 

   3. Body 

   4. Pubic symphysis

4. Coccyx

5. Acetabulum

6. Obturator foramen  

Waht are the components of the lateral pelvis labled:

1. Anteiror gluteal line

2. Inferior gluteal line

3. Posterior gluteal line

1. Minifundus

   1. Posterior superior iliac spine

   2. Posterior inferior iliac spine

   3. Greater sciatic notch 

2. Hip flexor muscle attachments 

   1. Anteiror superior iliac spine

   2. Anterriror inferior iliac spine

3. Body of ilium 

4. Iliac crest

1. Ishial spine

2. Lesser sciatic notch

3. Body of ishium

4. Ishial tuberosity

5. Ramus of ishium 

1. Adductor muscles attach here 

   1. Superiror ramus of pubis

   2. Body of pubis

   3. Inferior ramus of pubis 

1. Obturator foramen 

1. Ilium 

   1. Hip extending muscle attachments of the ilium 

      1. Anteiror gluteal line

      2. Inferior gluteal line

      3. Posterior gluteal line

   2. Minifundus

      1. Posterior superior iliac spine

      2. Posterior inferior iliac spine

      3. Greater sciatic notch 

   3. Hip flexor muscle attachments 

      1. Anteiror superior iliac spine

      2. Anterriror inferior iliac spine

   4. Body of ilium 

   5. Iliac crest

2. Ishium

   1. Ishial spine

   2. Lesser sciatic notch

   3. Body of ishium

   4. Ishial tuberosity

   5. Ramus of ishium 

3. Pubis 

   1. Adductor muscles attach here 

      1. Superiror ramus of pubis

      2. Body of pubis

      3. Inferior ramus of pubis 

4. Obturator foramen 

What are the components of the medial spine. label the diagram

1. Iliac fossa 

2. Iliac crest

3. Anterior superior iliac spine

4. Arculate line

5. Anterior inferior iliac spine 

6. Posterior superior riliac spine

7. Auriticular surface

8. Psteriror inferior iliac spine

9. Greater sciatic notch

1. Ischilal spine

2. Ramus of ischum

1. Pectineal line

2. Location of pubic symphasis

1. Ilium

   1. Iliac fossa 

   2. Iliac crest

   3. Anterior superior iliac spine

   4. Arculate line

   5. Anterior inferior iliac spine 

   6. Posterior superior riliac spine

   7. Auriticular surface

   8. Psteriror inferior iliac spine

   9. Greater sciatic notch

2. Ishcium

   1. Ischilal spine

   2. Ramus of ischum

3. Pubis

   1. Pectineal line

   2. Location of pubic symphasis

What is the purpose of the bowl like surface area of the pelvis

To support the orgnas for bipedalism

provides lateral space for gluteus maximus and medius

What hapens with higher levels of estrogen in the pelvis

resutls in a wider pelvis radius for birthings

What are the components of the acetabulum (label the diagram 

1. Illium on superior 

2. Ishium and pubis

What are the 3 major parts of the pelvis

1. Ilium 

2. Ischium

3. Pubis

What are the major joints of the pelvis and where do they articulate

1. Os coxae meet anteirorly at the pubic symphysis 

2. Os coxae articulate posteirorly with sacrum

3. Oburator fromamen, obisturator membrane 

   1. hylain cartilage cover the ends of the pubic bones

   2. fibrocartilagnous disc makes up the pubic symphysiss

   3. sacroiliac joint = hylain cartilage

What are the different major joints in the pelvis: what are the different sacroiliac joints. What are the other joints Hint there are 4 - 6

1. Sacroiliac

   1. Anteriror and posterior sacroiliac ligaments 

      1. Attach to the ilium and sacrum laterally 

   2. iliolumbar ligament

      1. superiro/ inferior attachment between ilia and lumbar region

   3. Sacrospinous

      1. attaches sacrum to

         ischial spine

   4. Sacrotuberous 

      1. attaches sacrum to

         ischial tuberosities

2. Regular joints

   1. Anterior and posterior sacroccoygeal ligaments attach to the sacrum and coccyx

Which joints are the most stable in the pe

1. The sacroiliac joints 

What are the different pelvic floor muscles and label ethem on the diagram. What do they do:

1. Ureatrhal canal 

2. Vaginal canal

3. Rectal canal

4. Puboccoygeus

5. Iliococcygeus

6. Psoas 

7. iliacus

1. Ureatrhal canal 

2. Vaginal canal

3. Rectal canal

4. Puboccoygeus

5. Iliococcygeus

6. Psoas 

7. iliacus

What organs are apart of the sperm path and describe their use and order 

1. Testis: Produces sperm and testosterone.

   Epididymis: Stores sperm and allows them to mature.

   Vas Deferens: Transports mature sperm to the urethra during ejaculation.

   Seminal Vesicle: Adds fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm (major part of semen).

   Prostate Gland: Adds alkaline fluid that protects sperm from vaginal acidity.

   Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland: Releases pre-ejaculate to lubricate and neutralize the urethra.

What are the 3 sections of the penis uretra

1. Prostatic ureathra

   1. Extends throught the prostate gland

2. Membraneous urethra

   1. External urethral sphincter

3. Spongy urethra  

   1. Encased with erectile tissue 

What are the parts ofthe female uritrha and why are women more prone to UTIS 

1. Internal urethral sphinxer

2. External urethral sphinxer

3. Trigone

   1. Stretch receptors to urge urination

4. bc the tract is so short women are more prone to utis thenmen 

What are the layers to the uteral wall and lining

• Endometrium: Inner lining of the uterus; thickens for possible pregnancy and sheds during menstruation.

• Myometrium: Middle, muscular layer of the uterus; contracts during labor and menstruation.

• Perimetrium: Outer protective layer of the uterus.

Draw out the lumbrosacral plexis and what are the functions of each muscle nerve (prayers)… i feel like you should work on the pats of the pelvis and lumbral section first then move onto the other info:

Iliohypogastric

1. Ilonguinal

2. Genitofemoral nerves

3. Lat. Fem. Cut n

4. Femoral

5. Obturator

   1. Sciatic

   2.  pudental (S2-4)

1. Lumbar plexus L1-4 

   1. Innervates the

   2. Abdominal wall muscles

   3. Anterior thigh muscles

   4. Medial thigh muscles 

2. Components

   1. Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)

      1. Innervates internal oblique and transversus abdominus

      2. Sensory innervation inpubic region 

   2. Ilonguinal (L1)

      1. Innervates: internal oblique and transversus abdominus

      2. Sensory innervation to pubic region 

   3. Genitofemoral nerves (L1-L2)

      1. Innervates: genitalia and upper anteiror thigh 

   4. Lat. Fem. Cut n (L2-L3)

      1. Sensory (only) for the skin of the anteiro lateral thigh 

   5. Femoral (L2-L4)

      1. Muscle inneravation to hip flexors. Knee extensors (anteriror component)

      2. Sensory innervation to anterior thigh and medial leg

   6. Obturator (L2-4)

      1. Innervates the adductor muscles and the sun over the medial thigh 

   7. Sacral plexus

      1. Sciatic (l4, 5, S1-3) (largest nerve in teh body)

         1. Innerates teh posterior thigh  muscles

         2. All leg and foto muscles

         3. All joints in the lower limb

         4. Mde of the common fibular and timbial nerves joind with connective tissue

      2.  pudental (S2-4)

         1. Main nerve of the perinumen and genetalia 

            1. Exis the pelvis posterirorly through the gsf and reithers anterilory throught he lesser sciatica foramen

Where do most muscles of the sacral plexis pass through

the greater sciatica foramen

What are the components of the femur bone.. be able to label based on the diagram

1. Greater tochanter,

2. Head

3. Intertrochatic crest

4. Gutleal tuberosity

5. Lesser trochanter

6. Linea aspera

7. Lateral condile

8. Medial condile 

Why are hip joints so much more stable than other joints. What is the purpose of the acetabular labrum

1. a ring of fibrocartilage that surrounds the hip socket, called the acetabulum. It acts as a gasket to create a suction seal, which increases the stability of the hip joint

What factors increase the stability of the hip. What ligaments are invovled

1. Shape of the articulating surfaces

2. Acetabular labrum

3. Joint capsle

4. 3 ligaments

   1. Iliofemoral

   2. Pubofemora

   3. Ischiofemoral

5. Ligamentum teries

6. Transverse acetabular ligament 

What are the functions of the ligaments in the hip. What are they and what are their functions

Anterior

• iliofemoral (also posterior)

  • prevents excesive extension

• pubofemoral 

  • precents excessive adduction

posterior

ischiofemoral

• provides stability during etension and limits excessive intrnal rotation and adduction with flexion

What thigh muscles medial rotate the hip hint there are 9

1. Ilopsoas

2. Sartorius

3. Tensor fasciae latae and the IT band

4. Pectianius

5. Adductor longus, brevus, magnus

6. Gracilis

7. Gluteal medius, minimus, maiumusWhat 

8. Piriforms, inferior and superior gemelus, obturator internus

9. Obuturator externus, quadrucepts femorus 

What are the hip flexor muscels of the hip

1. Illiopsoas 

2. Sartorius

What are the adductors of the hip 

1. Dductor longgus, brevis, magnus

2. Gracillis

What are the externors of the hip

1. Gluteus medius, minims, maximus

what are the lateral rotators of the hip

1. Piriformus, inferior and superior gemelllus, obturater internus, obturator externus, quadracepts femorsi, gluetus maximus

Waht is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the tensor facia latae

Origin: Anterior iliac crest

Insertion: Lateral condyle of tibia via IT band

Action: Stabilizes knee, flexes hip, abducts hip, internally rotates hip

Nerve: superior gluteal nerve

What is the origin and insertion of thegluteus minimus and medius (hip abductors)

Gluteus minimus

Origin: Inferior posterior ilium

Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

Action: Abducts hip, internally rotates hip

Nerve: superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus Medius

Origin: Middle posterior illium

Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

Action: Abducts hip, Internally rotates hip

Nerve: superior gluteal nerve

What makes hip stabilizers hip stabilizers

• they run along the lateral and posteiror sides of the hip

What is the origin, sinertion, and nerve innervation, and obv actino of the gluteus maximus

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: Posterior sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament, superior posterior ilium

Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, lateral condyle of tibia via IT band

Action: Extension of hip, external rotation of the hip

Nerve: inferior gluteal nerve

What are teh 6 deep lateral roaters of the femur

1. Piriforms

2. Superior gemellus

3. Obutrator internus 

4. Inferior gemellus

5. Obturarter externus 

6. Quaduratus femoris 

Label all of the muscles of the hip joint and thier useage 

What are the hip extensors

1. Gluteus maxiumus

2. Biceps femoris (hamstrings)

3. Semitendinosis

4. Semimembranosis (deep to the semitendinosisi 

1. What is the origin and insertion of the iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas)

Iliacus

1. Origin: Iliac fossa

2. Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

3. Action: flexes hip, flexes lumbar vertebral column

4. Nerve: Femoral nerve

5. Psoas major

6. Origin: T12-L5 vertebral bodies and discs, L1-5 transverse processes 

7. Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

8. Action: flexes hip, flexes lumbar vertebral column

9. Nerve: Anterior rami – spinal nerves L2-3

What is the origin and insertion of the sartorius

1. Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

2. Insertion: Pes anserinus

3. Action: flexes hip, abducts hip, externally rotates hip, flexes hip, flexes knee, internally rotates knee

4. Nerve: Femoral nerve

What makes a hip flrxor a hip flexor

if they pass over the hipjoint on the anterior side

What is the difference between the posterior head and anterior head of the abductor magnus

1. Posterior head

   1. Crosses the hip joint on the posterior side and is an addu tor an dhip extnsor

2. Anteirro head

   1. Crosses the hip joint on the anterior side and is an adductor and hip flexor

What is the difference and use of the Q angle

The q angle is larger with a wider pelvis due to more estrogen and stuff

What are teh unique properties of the knee. What is the purpose of the menisci 

1. It is weight bearing ands hock absorbing.

   1. They fibrocartilage (menisci) to help cushion 

   2. They also dissipate forces and increase the congruency of the femur and tibia 

      1. The femur has rounded ends and teh tibia is flat.. = increase congruency of the joints

What are the 3 joints of the knee and their articulation points

1. Femur, tibia and fibula (note teh fibula doesnt contribute to knee joint

2. The patella articulates with the femur 

3. Articulation of the femur and the tiba 

What type of joing capsule is the knee joint

it is a synovial joint with a synovial membrane lining the inside of the fibrous couple 

• subdivided joints pace by lining intra-articular ligaments

Where is the fibrous layer and synovial membrane and what is the purpose ofthe fibrouse casplul gap 

1. Fibrous layer is the outer part surrounding the knee

2. Inner layer is the synovial membrane 

3. Gap allows tendons to go through

What is the fibrous layer of the joint capsle. Where is it fully formed and not fully formed 

1. The fibrous layer is complete in the posterior poplital region except where the popliteus passes through

2. Anteirrorly fibrous layer is incomplete . the quadricepts tendon, patella, and ptellear ligament replace the fibrous lay in the middle fo each knee

What are the 4 major ligaments of the knee and what differentiates them label them on the diagram. What is their use

1. Anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL)

2. Posterior cruciate ligament  (PCL)

3. tibial/medial collateral ligament (TCL)

4. Fibular (lateral) colalterla ligament (FCL)

   1. Collateral ligament = in parallel 

   2. Cruciate ligaments = cross shaped

1. ACL - prevents hyerextnesion and anterior shear of the tibia

   1. Passes posteirrorly to anteriorly

2. pcl - prevents posterior shear of the tibia 

   1. Only found posteriorly

3. Collateral ligametns taught in extension but more important in slight flexion to increase stability

What are the following fuctures of these ligaments. what does it articulate to? what are their shapes

1. Oblique popliteal – From semimembranosus; reinforces posterior capsule; limits hyperextension.
   Arcuate popliteal – From fibular head; supports posterolateral corner; resists varus + external rotation.
   Coronary (meniscotibial) – Anchor menisci to tibia.
   Transverse (intermeniscal) – Connects anterior horns of menisci; coordinates meniscal motion.
   ALL (anterolateral) – Lateral femoral epicondyle → anterolateral tibia; controls internal tibial rotation / pivoting.
   Patellar ligament – Patella → tibial tuberosity; knee extension; used in ACL grafts.

2. Extension of the quadricepts tendon and the patella 

   1. Arcutate = shaped like a bow

   2. 

      Oblique = slanted

What are the function of the following ligaments during extension and flexion: anterirmedial band and the posterior lateral band 

1. During extension, the bands are not fully taught . the plb is taught wile the amb is relaxed

2. During flexion the amb is taught witle the plb is relaxed ish

3. Further you go into flexion = the more taught the amb = more instability since the knee is less articulated with the

What are the degress of motion in the knee 

1. Flexion/extension

2. internal/external rotation

how does rotation work in the knee. Full extion of internal rotation (work on this stuff0

1. Internal rotation = lateral plateau moves anteriroly, textenral rotation when the lateral plateau moves posteriorly

2. Because the medial articular surface of the tiba has more surface area, the tibia must externally rotate to reach full extension 

3. To move from extension ot flexion the tibia must internally rotate

4. Full extension is where the joint is most stable, each femoral condyle is nestled within the meniscus

Why are the knees such a vulnerable joint

1. Much less surface area during flexion = makes it much weaker

What are the extensors of the knee and flexors of the knee

1. Extesnors (nateriro )

   1. Rectus femoris 

   2. Vastus lateralis

   3. Vastus  medialis

   4. Vastus intermediaus 

2. Flexors 

   1. Semimembranosus*

   2. Biceps femoris*

   3. Sartorius*

   4. Popliteus*

   5. Gastrocnemius

   6. Plantaris (when present)

What are the muscles of the quads origin and insertion 

1. Vastus laterallis, intermedius nmedalism and rectus femorsi. Know their locations aon a chrt

2. Rectus femoris = most superficial

3. Know their origin insertion and stuff 

Rectus Femoris

• Origin: AIIS + superior acetabular rim

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)

• Innervation: Femoral n. (L2–L4)

• Function: Knee extension + hip flexion

Vastus Lateralis

• Origin: Greater trochanter + lateral linea aspera

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Innervation: Femoral n. (L2–L4)

• Function: Knee extension

Vastus Medialis

• Origin: Intertrochanteric line + medial linea aspera

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Innervation: Femoral n. (L2–L4)

• Function: Knee extension, stabilizes patella (VMO)

Vastus Intermedius

• Origin: Anterior & lateral femoral shaft

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Innervation: Femoral n. (L2–L4)

• Function: Knee extension

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and function of the Gracilis

Origin: Body & inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: Pes anserinus (medial proximal tibia)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2–L3)
Function:

• Hip adduction

• Knee flexion

• Medial rotation of leg when knee is flexed (the tibia)

spands the knee joint

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What is the origin insertion innervation and function of the semimembranoss

Origin

• ischial tuberosisty

Insertion 

• postterir medial tibial condile 

action 

• flexion of knee

• internal rotation of flexed knee

• extension of the hip 

Nerve supply

• tibial division of sciatic nerve

What is the origin insertion innervation and function of the semitendonosus

Origin

• ischial tubersity

Insertion

• pes anseinus

Action

• flexion of the knee

• internal rotaiton of flexed knee

• extension of the hip

Nerve supply

• tibial division of sciatic nerve

What is the origin insertion innervation and function of the bicepts femorus

Origin

• long head - ischial tuberosity

• short head- linea aspera 

insertion

• lateral surface of head of fibula

• lateral condyle of tibia

action

• both heads 

  • flexion of knee

  • external rotation of flexed knee

• long head

  • extension of the hip

Nerve supply

What are the lower leg msucles that act on the knee

Gastronemius - weak knee flexor when the ankle is not in plantarflexion

popliteus - internal rotaiton of the tibia to unlock the knee form a locked extended position 

plantaris -  absent in many people and a weak contribitor to knee flexion 

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gastronemius

Origin

• Medial heald - medial epicondile fo the femur

• lateral head -alteral epicondile of the femur

Inserition

• calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Action 

• lantar flexion of ankle

• flexion of knee

Nerve supply 

• tibial nerve

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the popliteus

Origin

• lateral condyle of femur

Inserition

• proximal postrior tibia

Action 

• unlocks extended knee by internal roation of tibia (normal)

• or external rotation of the femur (reverse

Nerve supply 

• tibial nerve

What is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gastronemius

Origin

• lateral supracondyler rige of femur

Inserition

• posteiror calcaneus

Action 

• plantar flexion ofth eankle

• flexion of the knee

Nerve supply 

• tibial nerve

Abdominal muscle innervation. what are they innervated by and which sections

most antieror = intercostal nervees t7-12

lower fibers are innervated by 2 lumbar lexus nervs: iliohypogastric and ilioingunal 

What are the muscles shown here, their origin, insertion, action, and inervation

Quadratus Lumborum

Origin: Iliac crest

Insertion: 12^th rib, transverse process of L1-4

Action: Lateral flexion of spine, elevates hip

Innervation: Ventral rami T12-L4

Psoas Minor

Origin: Body of T12-L1

Insertion: Superior ramus of pubis

Action: Flexion of lumbar spine

Innervation: Spinal nerves L1

What are the 3 layers of the abdominal muscles and their order from deepest to most superficial and their actions. origin insertion and innervation

deepest

• transverse abdominius - compresses the abdomen 

  • abdominal aponeuros in the mindline

  • T 7-12, iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal n.

  • stability and immobility

intermediate

• internal ovlique - flexion of spine, compress the abdomen, ipsilateral flexion and roation of the spine

  • also has an aponerosis in the midlene that forms the anterior rectus sheath (thhoracolumbar fasica 

  • Internal Oblique

    Origin: Inguinal Ligament, iliac crest, throracolumbar aponeurosis

    Insertion: Costal cartilage of lower ribs, abdominal aponeurosis/linea alba

    Action: flexion of spine, compresses abdomen, ipsilateral flexion and rotation of spine

    Innervation: T 7-12, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Superficial

• Rectus abdominus- runs vertically oriented

  • Origin: Pubic symphysis and crest

    Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7,  xiphoid process

    Action: Flexion of spine, compression of abdomen

    Innervation: T 7-12,

• extenral oblique

  • originates on the ribs but not the thoracolumbar faica: inserst on th eiliac creset and aponeurosis

  • Origin: Lower 8 ribs

    Insertion: Abdominal aponeurosis/linea alba, pubis, anterior iliac crest

    Action: flexion of spine, compresses abdomen, ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation of spine

    Innervation: T 7-12, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Cross section of the abdomen. which muscleis which point it out and hwat are the viewpoints 

What are the 4 muscles of the posteriro abdomen. Where are they found and what do they do 

•quadratus lumborum - stabilizes the spine and contributes to lateral flexion and extension

•psoas major

•psoas minor

(only present in some individuals)

•iliacus

Iliacus and psoas major both pass deep to the inguinal ligament and insert on the femur, they are hip flexors

What is the thoracolumbar fascia

•Critical structural connection, connects force between trunk and leg- Origin of transverse abdominal and internal oblique, also latissimus dorsi

Separates into several layers

Wraps around quadratus lumborum