SHU_1211_Ch19_Evolution
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32 Terms
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Evolution
The change in genetic composition of populations over time.
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Mutation
Any change in the nucleotide sequences of DNA, the origin of genetic variation.
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Natural Selection
The differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on variations in their traits.
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Gene Flow
Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations impacting allele frequencies.
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Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies, significant in small populations.
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Nonrandom Mating
When individuals choose mates based on specific phenotypes.
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A principle describing a population not evolving, requiring specific conditions to be met.
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Stabilizing Selection
Preservation of average phenotype, reducing variation but not changing the mean.
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Directional Selection
Favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range, increasing frequencies of certain alleles.
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Disruptive Selection
Favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range, increasing variation in the population.
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Fitness
The reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations relative to other phenotypes.
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Heterozygote Advantage
When heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than either homozygous genotypes.
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Adaptive Radiation
The rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor.
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Speciation
The process of forming new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
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Allele Frequency
The proportion of a specific allele among all allele copies in a population.
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Polymorphism
The occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms in the population of a species.
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Microevolution
A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
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Macroevolution
Broad patterns of evolutionary change over long timescales.
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Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
Prevent hybridization from occurring before fertilization.
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Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms
Reduce hybrid offspring's fitness after fertilization.
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Artificial Selection
The intentional breeding of certain traits over others by humans.
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Catastrophism
The theory that Earth's geology and biological history has been shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, and violent events.
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Gene Pool
The sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population.
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Echolocation
A biological sonar used by bats to detect objects by echolocation.
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Geological Strata
Layers of sedimentary rock that provide historical information about Earth’s surface.
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Common Ancestor
A shared ancestor from which two or more descendant species evolve.
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Adaptive Traits
Characteristics of an organism that enhance its survival and reproductive success in a specific environment.
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Founder Effect
A reduction in genetic variation when a small subset of a population establishes a new population.
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Struggle for Existence
The competition among individuals for limited resources necessary for survival.
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Convergent Evolution
The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species due to similar environmental pressures.
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Divergent Evolution
The accumulation of differences between closely related species, leading to speciation.
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Behavioral Isolation
When two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors.
Flashcards (27)