Europe 1750-1900 Vocab
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Europe
Last updated 1:17 AM on 3/10/25
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102 Terms
1
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what was the congress of Vienna
after conquests of Napoleon to prevent another large empire in Europe during a time of increasing nationalism
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who was included in the congress of Vienna?
Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria and Prussia
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where was the congress of vienna?
cut back France's borders, created new kingdoms in Poland and Netherlands
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when was the congress of Vienna
1815
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why the congress of Vienna
Tried to erase French Revolution by reinstalling monarchy in France
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who was included in the estates general?
"Governing body" in France which was called to meet by Louis XVI
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what three estates did the estates general consist of?
1) Clergy 2) Nobility 3) Commoners
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what was the estates general?
a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm
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when was the estates general?
1789
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why the estates general?
raise taxes for the weakening French empire
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who was the national assembly?
Third Estate declared themselves this as a result of likely being shut out of the new constitution
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what was the national assembly
acted as a body that would represent the needs of the French people
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where was the national assembly?
across France
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when was the national assembly?
1789
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why the national assembly
Adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
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Who was the jacobins?
Radicals who led the "Convention" government
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what was the jacobins?
formed by new constitution which was drawn up in response to invasion of France by Austrians and Prussians
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where was the jacobins
France
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when was jacobins created
1792-1794
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why the jacobins?
beheaded Louis XVI (the king)
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who was the declaration of the rights of man?
A document recognizing natural rights
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what was the declaration of the rights of man
based on ideas of the Enlightenment, American Declaration of Independence
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what person did the declarations of the rights of men focus on?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas
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What was one of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas?
freedom was the ability to live by your own laws
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where was the declaration of the rights of man?
signed in paris
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when was the declaration of the rights of man?
1789
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why the declaration of the rights of man?
guide French people toward natural rights, equality, and a representative government
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who was included in the division of labor?
idea was first proposed by Adam Smith in his book "The Wealth of Nations
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what was the division of labor
separation of tasks and specialization of workers in a production process
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where was the division of labor
great britian
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when was the division of labor
1776
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why was the division of labor created
labor increased efficiency and productivity (key role in Industrial Revolution)
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who was the enlightenment?
Thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire challenged traditional authority
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what was the englightenment?
cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in Europe
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where was the enlightenment?
Europe
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when was the enlightenment
17th through 18th century
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why the enlightenment
emphasis on human rights, democracy, and scientific inquiry laid groundwork for French Revolution
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who was John Locke
British philosopher, significant role in shaping the Enlightenment
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what did John Locke do?
argued that individuals have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property
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where was John Locke
England
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when was John Locke
1632 to 1704
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why John locke
ideas on social contract theory, natural rights, and the separation of powers influenced thinkers
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who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French philosopher, key figure in Enlightenment
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what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau do
ideas on social contract theory, popular sovereignty, and general will influenced French Revolution
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where was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
England
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when was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1712 to 1778
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why was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
argued that individuals are inherently good, but are corrupted by society
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who was Baron Montesquieu
French philosopher, prominent figure in the Enlightenment
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what did Baron Montesquieu do
ideas on the separation of powers, checks and balances, and importance of an independent judiciary
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where was Baron Montesquieu
France
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when was Baron Montesquieu
1689 to 1755
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why Baron Montesquieu
system of government should be designed to prevent concentration of power and protect individual liberties
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who was Thomas Hobbes
British philosopher, key figure in development of modern political philosophy
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what was Thomas Hobbes
ideas on the state of nature, the social contract, and the absolute authority of the sovereign influenced thinkers
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where was Thomas Hobbes
England
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when was Thomas Hobbes
1588 to 1679
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why was Thomas Hobbes
argued that human beings are inherently selfish and that a strong central authority is necessary
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who was Popular Sovereignty
Thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson argued
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what was Popular Sovereignty
refers to idea that power resides with people, rather than a monarchy or aristocracy
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where was Popular Sovereignty
England
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when was Popular Sovereignty
later 1840s
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why Popular Sovereignty
people have right to alter or abolish their government if it becomes tyrannical
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who was included in Industrial Revolution
Important inventors
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what was the Industrial Revolution
development of new machines, factories, and manufacturing processes
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where was Industrial Revolution
Britian
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when was Industrial Revolution
late 18th century
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why Industrial Revolution
transformed the way goods were produced and distributed
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who was included in the Laissez Faire
popularized by thinkers like Adam Smith
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what was Laissez Faire
economic doctrine that advocates for minimal government intervention in economic affairs
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where was Laissez Faire
France
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when was Laissez Faire
idea emerged during Industrial Revolution
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why Laissez Faire
argue that free markets and competition are most effective ways to promote economic growth
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who was included in mass production
Henry Ford made first
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why Mass Production
use of specialized machinery and assembly lines to produce large quantities of goods
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what Mass Production
enabled the production of cheap, standardized goods
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where Mass Production
Europe
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when Mass Production
late 1910s
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who made Steam Engine
developed by James Watt
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what Steam Engine
used steam power to perform mechanical work
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where Steam Engine
england
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when Steam Engine
late 18th century
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why Steam Engine
development of new forms of transportation, such as locomotives and steamships
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who introduced socialism
popularized by thinkers like Karl Marx
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what was Socialism
collective ownership of means of production and distribution of goods and services based on need rather than profit
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where was Socialism
europe
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when was Socialism
early 19th century
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why was Socialism
emerged as a response to social and economic inequalities of the Industrial Revolution
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who started Revolution of 1848
italian nationalists
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what was Revolution of 1848
driven by demands for democratic reform, national unity, and social justice
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where was Revolution of 1848
swept across Europe, beginning in France
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when was Revolution of 1848
January 12, 1848
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why was Revolution of 1848
among French general public, who believed people should rule themselves
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who included Nationalism
popularized by thinkers like Giuseppe Mazzini
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what was Nationalism
an ideology that emphasizes importance of national identity and need for self-determination
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where was Nationalism
Europe
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when was Nationalism
early 19th century
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why Nationalism
emerged as a response to social and economic changes of Industrial Revolution
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who included Liberalism
popularized by thinkers like John Locke
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what was Liberalism
emphasizes the importance of individual rights, democracy, and free markets
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where was Liberalism
Europe
Note 
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