47 Terms

Bank of the U.S (1790)

A bank jointly owned by private stock-holders and the national government. It would give stability to a specie(coin)-starved American economy. Made loans to merchants, handled government funds, issues bills of credit.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A supreme court case established principle of judicial review. (Parts of the judiciary act were in conflict with constitution). This was the First time the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other government branches on the grounds that it violated the constitution. It debunked the VA and KY resolutions and struck the Judiciary Act of 1789

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

TJ made the U.S purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River stretching from Gulf of Mexico to Canada for CHEAP. It doubled the size of the U.S and opened way for future American expansion into the West. Required TJ to excise powers not explicitly stated in constitution. Increased party conflict --> secessionist schemes.

Lewis and Clark (1804-1806)

Jefferson's secretary and army officer traveled up Missouri for 1000 miles from St. Louis to North Dakota. They made 1300 mile trek into unknown country with Sacagawea. They provided Jefferson with the first maps of the wilderness of west. Detailed account of its natural resources/inhabitants.

Embargo Act (1807)

Policy of peaceful coercion that prohibited American ships from leaving home ports until Britain/France stopped restricting U.S trade. The U.S overestimated reliance of the British and French on American shipping. It cut American gross national product by 5% and weakened the economy. Exports fell rapidly hurting farmers and merchants

War of 1812

A war(1812-1815) between U.S and British+Indian allies. Reasons it started was because of the British impressment of U.S sailors, Anglophobia, War Hawks, U.S wanted Canada, land conflict with natives, Battle of Tippecanoe, Brit Congress violation of U.S commercial rights as neutral nation. Treaty of Ghent (no land border changed). There were no winners but the only losers were the Natives who lost people and land. End of the Federalist party(Hartford Convention). Led to American Nationalism, the "Era of Good Feeling".

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty U.S and Britain which ended the War of 1812. Retained Prewar borders of U.S.

John Marshall (1801-1835 served)

Federalist Chief Supreme court justice who dominated court until 1822). Came from the Midnight Federalist appointment by Adams. Set up the precedent for supreme court rights: claimed right of judicial review for supreme court, supremacy of national laws, traditional property rights. Made federalist policies live on. The supreme court trendsetter if you will. 3 principles: Judicial Authority, Supremacy of National Laws, Traditional property rights.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme court case that defined federal legislative power. Asserted dominance of national over state statues. (Maryland taxes BU$ money). Interprets constitution to give broad powers to national gov. Marshall ruled that states cannot tac BU$. Upholds national bank legality.

Monroe Doctrine(1823)

Declaration by President Monroe that west hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or Euro interference. Monroe pledged U.S wouldn't become involved in Euro struggles. U.S successfully asserted diplomatic leadership in West hemisphere and won international acceptance of North/West boundaries.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(ferry business in NYC). Asserted dominance of national over state statutes. Gives national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce. Only congress can regulate interstate trade!

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Series of political agreements devised by Henry Clay. Allowed Maine to enter union as a free state and Missouri to follow as a slave state. It preserved balance in senate between North and South. Set a precedent for future admissions to Union. South senators accepted prohibition of slavery in most of Louisiana Purchase.

Second Great Awakening (1790-1850)

Unprecedented religious revivals that swept nation. Reached out to churched and unchurched. Made the U.S a genuinely Christian (protestant) society. Impetus for reform movements. Reshaped spiritual landscape. Methodist and Baptist following exploded in the south.

Erie Canal (1817)

364 mile waterway connecting Hudson River and Lake Erie. Supported by NYC merchants and backed by NY governor. First great engineering project of the U.S. Altered ecology of entire region. Towns were built along canal --> tree cutting. Economic success and brought money to NY farmers and Great Lakes. Cut transportation costs for trade. Accelerated flow of goods. Led to a national canal boom.

Cyrus McCormick

created the mechanical reaper (McCormicks Reaper). Self-raking machines harvesting grains. Increased farm productivity and harvested more wheat.

Eli Whitney (1765-1825)

built cotton gin (1783) -- separated seeds from cotton balls. Revolutionized textile supply industry. Built machine tools that could produce interchangeable parts for musket. Reinvigorates slavery and murder of Natives for land (cotton farmers)

Charles Grandison Finney

Presbyterian minister and accelerator of Second Great Awakening. Central Message: Man is moral and free agent who could choose salvation. Converted many from all social classes. Persuaded people to attend church, work hard, and give up bad habits. Sparked revivals through U.S and idea changed customs of society.

Nativism

Ideology which condemned immigration. Asserted superiority of protestant religious/cultural values. Foreign conspiracy. Accused catholic immigrants of stealing jobs and driving down wages. Cultural conflicts undercut trade unionism. Divided society even further.

Nullification

Argument that a state has the right to void a national law within its borders. Ex. South Carolina's Ordiance of Nullification which declared 1828 nd 1832 tariffs to be null. -- Struck down by Jackson

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Act that directed mandatory relocation of Eastern tribes to land west of the Mississippi River, pushed by Jackson. Created the Indian Territory on national lands acquired in Louisiana Purchase. Forced 70 native peoples to sign treaties and move west of Mississippi- "Trail of Tears"

Henry Clay

Speaker of the HOR. Candidate in 1824 presidential election. Adams' secretary of state. Created the American System. Helped to guide the Whig party. Corrupt Bargain with John Q Adams.

William Henry Harrison (1841)

Whig president. Military hero of Tippecanoe and war of 1812. Portrayed as self-made man -- Log Cabin Campaign. Won election of 1840 but died a month into inauguration and screwed Whig plan for national bank and protective tariffs.

spoils system/patronage

Widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory. Jackson instituted system on national level in 1829 (rotation of office holders). Led to widespread incompetence and corruptness. Allowed political influencers to rise to powerful gov positions regardless of merit.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist Writer who sought inspiration from the natural world. Published Walden (searching for meaning beyond artificial civil society). Also wrote "On Civil Disobedience" and "resistance to civil gov". Justified independent thinking. Advocated individuality and to avoid unthinking conformity, to peacefully resists unjust laws. Self-realization for men.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. Identified mission with that of God. South toughened slave codes and prohibited teaching saves to read. Failed rebellion was used as a scare tactic.

Horace Mann

father of public education. Reformer and secretary of the MA board of education. Led movement to increase elementary schooling and improve quality of instruction. Lengthened school year and established teaching standards in reading/writing/math. Recruited well-educated women as teachers.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionist, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Pinpointed the sexual abuse of women as a moral failing of the slave regime.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leader of the Women's rights movement. Organized the Seneca Falls convention and one of lead authors for Declaration of Sentiments.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation. Secured NY law granting women the right to control their own wages, to own property, and if widowed to assume sole guardian of their kids. Created an Activist network of political "captains", all women who relentlessly lobbied state legislatures.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention in the US history. Wrote "declaration of sentiments" which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. the frame of argument echoed the Declaration of Independence for women. Complained about property and voting rights.

Barbary Pirtates

North African pirates that seized American merchants. Jefferson did not want to pay tribute for protection. Led to creation of U.S navy to defend itself. Led to Barbary Wars

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made. Jacksonian democrats, though that state gov had more power than federal gov. Dred Scott case: Slave ran away and Taney said slaves were property and must return. Challenged Marshall's federalist rulings.

Market Revolution

Major change in U.S economy by increasing factories, more efficient technology in transportation and communication, and changed landscape of work. Linking of northern industries with southern/western farmers. (Sold instead of making goods by themselves.) Middle class emerged, increased industrialization, linked cities with trade, cities became populated, West migration, sparking of transcendentalism.

Deism

Thought that a supreme being created the world and left it to natural laws; did not intervene in people's lives. Relied on "natural reason", innate moral sense between right and wrong

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Last major battle of the War of 1812. British wanted to attack New Orleans' but Andrew Jackson defended city making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency in 1828.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party and the War. Wanted to protect New England but were viewed as unpatriotic and left their party to its inevitable crumble.

Wildcat/Pet Banks

The banks that Jackson moved all of the specie from BU$ into pet/state banks to dismantle the BUS. These banks were very sketchy and failed to regulate the economy. It contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High protective tariff that sought to protect northern manufactures from foreign imports. Unpopular in the South and only benefitted the North. Southerners were outraged.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. Hated protective tariff, which hurt south economically. Supported slavery. Was Vice President to Jackson.

Nullification Crisis(1832)

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. Debated role of the federal/state gov

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action. Wrote "Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass". Helped others escape slavery and wrote many abolitionist newspapers.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Know-Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic. hated foreign influenced and upheld traditional American ways.

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. About promise and pride of America. First AMERICAN style of art.

Mormons

members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Fled to Utah led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. Book of Mormon.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts. Dartmouth College stays private!