AP Euro: Ideologies & Upheavals (1815-1850)

Congress of Vienna goals

peace - legitimacy (restore monarchs!), compensation, balance of power

Great Britain - CoV

won colonies and strategic outposts during the war

Austria - CoV

gave up territories in Belgium and s. Germany but took provinces of Venetia and Lombardy in n. Italy, former Polish possessions, & new lands on the eastern coast of Adriatic

Russia - CoV

took a small Polish kingdom (others argued for limited gain!)

Prussia - CoV

took part of Saxony and some land in the west (others argued for limited gain!)

France - CoV

treated leniently (buffer states, could keep some of the land won) - a weakened France would throw off the 5 Great Powers!

Karlsbad Decrees

Metternich & co. forced the German states to outlaw liberal political organizations, police their universities and newspapers, and establish a permanent spy network

Klemens von Metternich

deeply conservative Austrian foreign minister

German Confederation

collection of 38 'independent' German states established at CoV who had little real political power at the Confederation Diet (Assembly) thanks to Metternich and co.

Troppau Conference (1820)

Metternich & Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened

Holy Alliance

Austria, Prussia, & Russia - proposed by Russia's Alexander I to repress reformist/revolutionary movements across Europe

conservatism

customs & traditions (nobility, church) serve as checks to the 'passions' of human nature and are the basic foundation of human society

classical liberalism

supported by the middle class - rep. gov, equality before the law, personal liberties, laissez-faire (unions 'restricted' right to work)

classical vs republican liberals

republican liberals were more radical and willing to get violent - universal voting rights!

Adam Smith

free-market capitalism/laissez-faire

Alexis de Tocqueville

moderate Republican - peasants love their private property & would never give it up in the name of socialism (predicted the overthrow of Louis Phillippe)

nationalism

united in common language, culture, etc. - "us vs them" mentality

the rise of nationalism

literacy rates, mass press, bureaucracies, compulsory education, conscription, industrial/urban society, standardized language

Giuseppe Mazzini

free Italy!

socialism

capitalism is selfish... government should regulate econ. & property!

inspiration for early socialists

revolution in France, growth of industrialization in Britain, rise of laissez-faire = crisis!

Henri de Saint-Simon

utopian socialism - the parasites must make way for the doers! social institutions must be to help the poor

Charles Fourier

utopian socialism - self-sufficient communities (phalanxes), total emancipation of women, marriage based only on love <3

Louis Blanc

practical socialism - Organization of Work & the right to work (gov.-funded workshops), universal voting rights (electorally take control of the state)

Joseph Proudhon

anarchism socialism - property is theft (property stolen from the worker!), abolish states, society organized in loose associations of working people

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Marxist socialism - violent revolution was the only way to communism!

why hate capitalism? (Marxism edition)

haves (bourgeoisie) vs have-nots (proletariat), immensely productive but highly exploitative, remove the "mask" (free trade, private property, marriage, Christian morality) legitimizing exploitation

[x] economic forces alone dominated society

[✓] religion, nationalities, ethnic loyalties, and desire for democratic reforms influenced history just as strongly

[x] the economic gap between the rich and poor would widen and lead to violent revolution

[✓] government reforms stopped the wealth gap from widening the way Marx and Engels predicted

romanticism

the supernatural + hidden recesses of the self, nature, religious ecstasy, love/emotions, history

romantics & industrialization

no.

romantic literature

Grimm fairy tales, Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe" (romance), Hugo's "Hunchback of Notre Dame", assorted poets (Williams Blake and Wordsworth, Coleridge, Lord Byron, Shelly, Keats)

romantic art

Eugene Delacroix - exotic scenes and subjects

David Friedrich - somber landscapes (ruined churches, arctic shipwrecks)

Joseph W. Turner - nature's storms

John Constable - comforting, pure countryside

romantic music

new instruments, powerful emotion! (Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt)

romanticism and nationalism/revolution

romantics championed their own people's culture and greatness, studying peasant life and transcribing folk culture

romanticism and Rousseau

romantics were inspired by Rosseau's anti-philosophe ideals

French Revolution of 1830

3 days of barricades and the chasing of Charles X (conservative) off the throne

Constitutional Charter (France)

passed by Louis XVIII - limited royal power, granted legislative power, protected civil rights, upheld the Napoleonic Code, offered limited voting rights to the wealthiest males

July Ordinances (France)

passed by Charles X - dissolves Parliament, restructures voting rights, & censors the press

Liberty Leading the People

Eugene Delacroix - a woman (liberty) leads the people during the 1830 revolution in France

Louis Philippe

the king after Charles X - doubled eligible votes, abolished press censorship, & accepted the tricolor French flag ("the citizen king"), but still served the interest of the wealthy ("bourgeois monarchy")

Belgian revolt

Belgian Catholics revolted against the Dutch king and established the independent kingdom of Belgium

Polish revolt

an armed nationalist rebellion against the tzarist government was crushed by the Russian Imperial Army

supported the Greek Revolution

Great Britain, France, Russia (admired their piety), & romantics (admired the culture)

opposed the Greek Revolution

Metternich - wanted a stable Ottoman Empire as a defense against Russian interests in SE Europe (goals of the CoV)

Tory government

Great Britain - controlled by the landed aristocracy

Corn Laws (Great Britain)

regulated foreign imports of wheat/grain → urban laborers and radicals protest → Tory government suspends the right of assembly and habeas corpus + passes the Six Acts

habeas corpus

constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

Six Acts (Great Britain)

passed after the Battle of Peterloo - restricted rights to press and assembly

Battle of Peterloo (Great Britain)

a large but orderly protest at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester was savagely broken up by armed calvary

Reform Act of 1832 (Great Britain)

passed by the Whig Party - gave industrial centers voting rights, increased voters by 50%

the People's Charter of 1838 & the Chartist movement (Great Britain)

inspired by the economic distress of the working class & demanded universal male suffrage - failed! (rejected thrice by Parliament)

a crucial factor in Great Britain's peaceful political evolution

the working class could ally with the aristocracy or the middle class (competing!) to better their own conditions

Irish Potato Famine

Tory gov. finally repeals the Corn Laws in England, but Irish anti-British feeling and nationalism grew due to their inaction there

liberals and the French rev. of 1848

frustrated over lack of political change - want constitutional/rep. gov!

nationalists and the French rev. of 1848

furious w/ 1815 Congress of Vienna settlement that rejected self-determination for ethnic minorities

the working class and the French rev. of 1848

suffering from poor harvests (the hungry '40s) and jobs lost to the new machinery

the French revolutionaries of 1848

Bourgeois merchants, opposition deputies, liberal intellectuals + middle-class shopkeepers, skilled artisans, unskilled working people

June Days

street fighting (3 days) breaks out after the gov. dissolves Louis Blanc's workshops in Paris (thought they were becoming too radical), gives them a choice: join the army, or go to workshops in the provinces

early successful Austrian revolutionaries

Hungarian nationalists (wanted unified Hungarian nation), students/workers in Vienna, peasants in countryside

Archduchess Sophia & the failure of the Austrian rev.

loyal army crushes radicals in Prague & Vienna, Russian troops aid in suppressing Hungarians

nationalism & the failure of the Austrian rev.

the monarchy played the nationalistic tendencies of the minority groups against each other

political infighting & the failure of the Austrian rev.

the coalition of urban revolutionaries broke down against class lines over the issue of socialist workshops and universal voting rights for men

peasants & the failure of the Austrian rev.

lost interest after being freed

the Prussian Revolution

liberals pressed for a constitutional monarchy + united German nation - King Frederick William IV concedes! (but urban workers wanted a more radical revolution)

Frankfurt Assembly

self-appointed liberals meet to write a federal constitution for a united German state... but they take too long, and the king puts an army together and the revolution down :(