Clinical Psychology 12-16 percent

Agoraphobia

Fear of being in public places where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if experiencing panic or embarrassment.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

Panic Disorder

Recurrent and unpredictable episodes of intense fear or panic, often without warning.

Specific Phobia

Extreme and irrational fear reactions to specific objects or situations.

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Condition characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Occurs after experiencing a traumatic event, leading to re-experiencing symptoms like nightmares or flashbacks.

Bipolar disorder

Mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania

Major Depressive Disorder

Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks

Rational emotive behavior therapy

Helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs

Humanistic therapy

Aims to help you develop a strong and healthy sense of self, explore your feelings, find meaning, and focus on your strengths

Client centered therapy

Focuses on the role of the client rather than the therapist, as key to the healing process. "Clients do the work of the healing"

Biomedical therapy

Involves the use of medications or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.

Psychologist

Can’t prescribe meds, supports people through psychotherapy

Psychiatrist

Can prescribe meds, identify disorders/diagnose, generally works inside hospitals

Deinstitutionalization

When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began the process of releasing non-threatening patients from mental hospitals

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Persistent distrust and suspicion toward others, believing they have malicious intentions, out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm them

Schizoid Personality Disorder “Aloof”

Consistent avoidance of social connections and emotional expression.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder “Awkward”

Extreme discomfort in relationships, peculiar thinking, and unusual behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

Repeated disregard for others' rights and often associated with criminal behavior.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Frequent instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and impulsive actions.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Seeking attention excessively through dramatic behavior and attention seeking

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by someone who consistently shows off, craves attention, and struggles to understand or care about others' feelings.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Persistent discomfort in social situations due to fear of criticism or rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Relying excessively on others for support and fearing separation.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Intense preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency.

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Difficulty maintaining attention or exhibiting impulsive and hyperactive behavior, or both.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A condition where individuals struggle to connect with others, have difficulties in communication, and engage in repetitive behaviors.

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Below-average intellectual functioning and difficulty with everyday tasks.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Fatal, brain condition causing memory loss, reasoning problems, emotional changes, and loss of bodily functions.

Anorexia Nervosa (Anorexia)

Life-threatening eating disorder marked by a fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and severe calorie restriction.

Body dysmorphia

Feeling overweight despite evidence to the contrary, leading to distress and obsession with appearance.

Bulimia Nervosa (Bulimia)

Eating a large amount of food followed by behaviors to compensate, such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

Binge Eating Disorder

Consuming large quantities of food in a short time, often leading to guilt and distress.

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SDD)

Experiencing physical symptoms, like pain, along with anxiety about having a serious illness.

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)

Obsessive worry about having a severe illness, even with mild or no physical symptoms.

Conversion Disorder

Loss of bodily function without physical damage, often linked to stress or psychological factors.

Dissociative Amnesia

Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior (Split)

Schizophrenia Psychotic

Disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

Dopamine Hypothesis

High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms

Flooding

Type of treatment with rapid exposure to feared objects or situations.

Systematic Desensitization

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, type of treatment which helps one learn to relax while gradually confronting fears.

Aversion Therapy

Type of treatment that pairs disliked behaviors with unpleasant outcomes to reduce them.

Token Economy

Type of treatment that uses rewards to shape desired behaviors. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

Biofeedback

Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists

Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes and thinking

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, addresses distressing behaviors by challenging irrational thoughts.

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together

Psychoanalysis

A therapy aiming to relieve inner tension by exploring hidden thoughts and feelings.

Free Association

The client expresses thoughts freely without filtering or censoring.

Resistance “Mental Blocks”

The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)

Transference

Projecting unresolved emotions onto the therapist.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Valuing the client without judgment, letting them lead the therapy.

Active listening

Engaging with the client by reflecting their words and refraining from giving advice.

Antidepressant Drugs

Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

blocks the reuptake of serotonin

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead