(Period 2: Ways of the World) APWH

For kids that use Ways of the World textbook

The Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old-World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.

Portuguese merchants

developed trade routes and established colonies in Africa, Asia, and Brazil, significantly influencing global commerce and cultural exchanges.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean in the late 15th century opened the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

Spanish Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered large parts of the Americas, including the Aztec and Inca empires, during the Age of Exploration.

Age of Exploration

A period from the late 15th century to the early 17th century characterized by European global exploration, driven by the search for new trade routes, wealth, and territory.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale, often involving the exchange of goods, services, and culture.

Banking in Period 2

The development of financial institutions and practices that facilitated trade and commerce, including the rise of joint-stock companies and increased credit systems.

East India Company

A British trading corporation established in the early 17th century to exploit trade in the East Indies, particularly in spices and later in textiles and tea.

Dutch East India Company

A powerful trading company established in the early 17th century by the Netherlands to control trade in the East Indies, particularly in spices and other goods.

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Refers to the three empires of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal, which dominated the Islamic world from the 16th to the 18th centuries, known for their military prowess and cultural achievements.

Mughal Empire

A prominent Islamic empire in South Asia, known for its wealth, cultural achievements, and architectural marvels such as the Taj Mahal.

Safavid Empire

A significant Islamic empire in Persia, known for its promotion of Shi'a Islam and cultural achievements, including art and architecture.

Ottoman Empire

A major Islamic empire based in modern-day Turkey, renowned for its military conquests, administrative efficiency, and cultural contributions, including architecture like the Hagia Sophia.

Devshirme system

A practice in the Ottoman Empire where Christian boys were recruited, converted to Islam, and trained for military or administrative roles.

Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab

An Islamic scholar and reformer from the Arabian Peninsula, he founded the Wahhabi movement, advocating for a return to pure, unadulterated Islam based on the Quran and Hadith.

Wahhabi Movement

A reformist movement founded by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century, emphasizing a strict interpretation of Islam and a rejection of practices considered innovations.

Silver

A precious metal that became a major commodity in global trade, particularly during the colonial era, used as currency and in the exchange of goods between Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

China’s reaction to silver

influx included increased trade and economic growth, leading to a reliance on silver for transactions and stability in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government, which ruled from 1603 to 1868, characterized by a strict social order, isolationist foreign policies, and economic stability.

Decline of Japan in 1600s

The period marked by the weakening of the Tokugawa Shogunate due to internal strife, external pressures, and the rise of discontent among the samurai and peasantry.

Unification of Japan

The process by which Japan transitioned from a fragmented state of warring factions to a centralized government under the Tokugawa Shogunate, promoting peace and stability.

Sakoku

The policy of national isolation implemented by the Tokugawa Shogunate, which restricted foreign relations and trade with most countries, lasting from the 1630s until the mid-19th century.

Colonization in the East Indies

The establishment of European colonies in Southeast Asia, primarily by the Dutch and British, which involved the exploitation of local resources and trade routes, significantly impacting indigenous populations and economies.

How the Dutch colonized the East Indies

The Dutch established control over the East Indies through a combination of military force, strategic alliances with local rulers, and monopolistic trade practices, particularly in spices, leading to significant economic impact on the region.

How the British colonized East Indies

The British colonized the East Indies through military conquest, treaties with local leaders, and the establishment of trading companies like the East India Company, which facilitated economic control and significant influence over local politics.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, significantly influencing political thought and societal reforms.

Martin Luther

A German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's practices, notably through his Ninety-Five Theses.

95 Theses

A document written by Martin Luther in 1517 that criticized the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, and called for reform.

30 Years War

A series of conflicts in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648, primarily involving religious disputes between Catholics and Protestants, which ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

Peace of Westphalia

A series of treaties signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new political order in Europe based on the concept of state sovereignty.

Result of the Thirty Years War

The conflict led to significant territorial and political changes in Europe, along with the recognition of state sovereignty and a decline in the power of the Catholic Church in political affairs.

Qing Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1644 to 1912, known for its expansion, cultural achievements, and interactions with Western powers.

Fur

A key commodity in trade during the Qing Dynasty, particularly valued for its use in clothing and luxury items.

Anglican Movement

A movement within the Church of England aimed at reforming practices and beliefs, emphasizing a middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

Why King Henry VIII supported the Protestant Movement

King Henry VIII supported the Protestant Movement primarily to secure an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope refused. This led him to break away from the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England.

The Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and experimentation during the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to the development of modern science.

Newton, Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo

Key figures in the Scientific Revolution who contributed to the understanding of physics, planetary motion, and heliocentrism.

Reactions of the Church to the Scientific Revolution

The Church initially resisted the ideas of the Scientific Revolution, viewing them as a challenge to its authority and traditional teachings. This led to conflicts, such as the trial of Galileo, who faced persecution for advocating heliocentrism.

Encomienda and Hacienda System differences

The encomienda system was a labor system that granted Spanish colonists control over a group of indigenous people, requiring them to provide labor and tribute in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity, while the hacienda system was a large estate or plantation where laborers worked for wages, often leading to a more permanent agricultural settlement.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas for labor, primarily in plantations, as part of the triangular trade system.

Result of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African economies

The Atlantic Slave Trade significantly disrupted African economies by depleting the population of skilled laborers and altering trade patterns, leading to economic instability and increased conflict among African states.

Differences between North American and South American colonies

North America was less diverse and more independent, while South American colonies tend to be more diverse and bigger