AP Psychology Vocabulary 2c (Unit 2 | Cognition)

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

Context-Dependent Memory

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place

Mood-Congruent Memory 

A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood.

State-Dependent Memory 

Long-term memory retrieval is best when a person's physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same.

Testing Effect 

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered

Meta Cognition 

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

The Forgetting Curve 

a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time

Encoding Failure 

the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (fail)

Proactive Interference 

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive Interference 

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon 

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations

Repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Misinformation Effect 

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Source Amnesia 

attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Constructive Memory 

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

Memory Consolidation 

The strengthening of the neural network that represents a memory

Imagination Inflation 

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

General Intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Multiple Intelligences 

idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. also a measure of a person’s reasoning ability

Mental Age 

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Standardization

the process of making something conform to a standard

Valid

Well-founded on evidence and corresponds accurately to the real world.

Construct Validity 

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Reliable

a measure of whether something stays the same, i.e. is consistent.

Test-Retest Reliability 

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

Split-Half Reliability

A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.

Stereotype Threat 

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Stereotype Lift 

awareness of positive expectations can actually improve performance on tasks

Flynn Effect 

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

Achievement Tests

standardized assessments that measure a person's knowledge, skills, and proficiency in a particular subject

Aptitude Tests  

a tool that measures a person's ability to learn or perform tasks, and to succeed in a particular environment

Growth Mindset 

the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

Fixed Mindset 

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change