Nursing Review Flashcards Based on Mark Klimek's Lecture

These flashcards encompass key concepts and facts discussed in Mark Klimek's nursing lecture series, designed to aid students in preparing for exams.

What are the normal pH values in acid-base balance?

7.35 to 7.45

What does a pH < 7.35 indicate?

Acidosis

What does a pH > 7.45 indicate?

Alkalosis

If HCO3 moves in the same direction as pH, what type of imbalance is it?

Metabolic

If pH and HCO3 move in opposite directions, what type of imbalance is it?

Respiratory

What is an example of metabolic acidosis?

pH 7.3, HCO3 20

What is an example of metabolic alkalosis?

pH 7.58, HCO3 32

What is an example of respiratory acidosis?

pH 7.22, HCO3 35

How does potassium typically react with pH levels?

If pH is low, potassium is high; if pH is high, potassium is low.

What kind of respiratory range is associated with alkalosis?

Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, irritability, spasticity.

What are signs of acidosis?

Bradycardia, constipation, hypotension, lethargy.

What are high pressure alarms in mechanical ventilation indicative of?

Increased resistance to airflow.

What should you do if a ventilator alarm indicates high pressure?

First, unkink the tubing.

What is a low pressure alarm in ventilators indicative of?

A disconnection in the main tubing.

What are the 4 steps to address a low pressure ventilator alarm?

Reconnect tubing, bag the patient, call respiratory therapist.

How can you identify a patient in denial regarding addiction?

By confronting their statements with their actions without being aggressive.

What is the primary psychological problem in addictions like alcoholism?

Denial.

What are the stages of grief as per the DABDA acronym?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

What defining feature characterizes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Intoxication due to a deficiency in Vitamin B1 (Thiamine).

What is confabulation in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Making up stories due to memory loss.

How to treat patients in denial?

Use confrontation in a respectful manner.

What is the management for opioid overdose in a newborn?

Always assume intoxication before withdrawal, especially within 24 hours of birth.

What is the priority nursing intervention in opioid withdrawal in neonates?

Monitoring for seizures and irritability.

What does SIADH stand for?

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone.

What are signs of diabetes insipidus?

Polyuria and polydipsia.

What is the primary action of insulin?

To lower blood sugar levels.

What should be monitored for aminoglycosides toxicity?

Hearing, balance, tinnitus, and kidney function.

What are typical signs of hyperkalemia?

Muscle spasms, bradycardia, increased bowel sounds.

What are typical signs of hypokalemia?

Muscle weakness, lethargy, constipation.

What should be checked before administering digitalis?

The apical heart rate.

What is the priority action during cardiac arrest?

Start chest compressions.

What does a T wave inversion indicate on an EKG?

Possible myocardial ischemia.

What is the main complication following a laminectomy at the lumbar region?

Urinary retention.

How should the patient be positioned post-laminectomy?

Log roll.

What are two signs of tetany to monitor after total thyroidectomy?

Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign.

What is the first act of the nurse in a case of acidosis?

Assess vital signs.

What is the best indicator for kidney function?

Creatinine levels.

What does the presence of a 'cough' indicate post-thoracic surgery?

Potential complication indicating a need for respiratory management.

What type of medications should not be stopped abruptly in a patient?

Carbamazepine and steroids.

What is indicated by an elevated WBC count?

Possible infection.

What is the nursing intervention for an elevated platelets count?

Monitor for thrombosis signs.

When should you reassess a patient after administering a new medication?

Depends on the expected peak and duration of the medication.

What physiological change occurs during labor in terms of hormones?

Increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen.

What is the recommendation for maternal weight gain during pregnancy?

28 pounds, plus or minus 3.

What hospital protocol is important for newborn care right after delivery?

Immediate skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.

What is essential for coordination of care in high-risk obstetrics?

Interdisciplinary communication.

What complications can arise from poorly managed gestational diabetes?

Birth defects, macrosomia, and maternal complications.

What is the purpose of a non-stress test during pregnancy?

To assess fetal well-being and movement.

What are common signs of labor nearing?

Regular, persistent contractions and prodromal signs.

What should a nurse do if a patient shows signs of impending birth?

Prepare the delivery area and notify the healthcare provider.

What is a common misconception about pregnancy and mood changes?

They are only hormonal; sociocultural factors also significantly impact mood.

What is key for effective patient education on medications?

Clarity, consistency, and tailored to the specific patient.

What is the general approach to managing PRN medications?

Assess the need before administration.

What is the goal of prenatal education?

Prepare expectant mothers for childbirth and parenting.

What is the most accurate method for determining gestational age?

Ultrasound in the first trimester.

What factors influence maternal psychological adjustments post-delivery?

Hormonal changes, social support, and previous experiences.

What is assessed during the first postpartum visit?

Uterine involution, lochia, and breast health.

What dietary modification can benefit pregnant patients?

Increased protein intake.

How is expected weight gain adjusted for multiple gestations?

Increased based on clinical guidelines.

In terms of patient prioritization, what does 'A' stand for?

Low priority.

In terms of patient prioritization, what does 'C' stand for?

Critical priority.

In terms of patient prioritization, what does 'D' signify?

Highest priority.

What does 'high risk' mean regarding patient categorization?

Susceptibility to adverse events or outcomes.

What is the purpose of post-surgical assessment in all patients?

To prevent complications and ensure recovery.

What is the psychological effect of anticipsation in patients waiting for surgery?

Increased anxiety levels.

What hormone primarily regulates milk production after delivery?

Prolactin.

What signal indicates labor has progressed to its active phase?

Regular, observable contractions.

What is a health worker's role during labor and delivery?

Provide continuous support and monitor fetal health.

What is a patient-focused approach to teaching during hospitalization?

Incorporating patient and family needs into the care plan.

How does the nurse assess for signs of potential infection in the postpartum patient?

Monitoring vital signs and inspecting the perineal area.

What advice would a nurse provide to a pregnant patient experiencing heartburn?

Eat smaller, more frequent meals.

What nutritional supplement is often recommended in pregnancy?

Folic acid.

What pain relief measure is commonly used during labor?

Epidural anesthesia.

What is the purpose of monitoring fetal heart tones during labor?

Assess for fetal distress.

When is the best time to teach a persona about postpartum care?

Before discharge.

What does high-risk pregnancy management include?

Regular monitoring and specialized care.

What is a newborn considered if born with a weight <2500 grams?

Low birth weight.

What are the signs of a successful breastfeeding session?

Infant latches correctly and demonstrates swallowing.

How can a nurse support a breastfeeding mother?

Provide education on positions and techniques.

What are the phases of delivery?

1) Effacement and dilation, 2) Delivery of the baby, 3) Delivery of the placenta.

What is the management for a breech presentation during labor?

Consider a cesarean delivery.

What vitamin is crucial for the prevention of neural tube defects?

Folic acid.

What is an essential component of neonatal care?

Thermal stability.

What is the role of ufiber in the diet during pregnancy?

Prevent constipation.

Why is it important to monitor hemoglobin levels during pregnancy?

To detect anemia and ensure proper oxygen transport.

What is the frequency of prenatal visits in the first trimester?

Every month.

What is the significance of the uterine fundus position?

Indicates the stage of pregnancy.

What type of assessments are performed during labor?

Cervical checks, fetal monitoring, and pain assessment.

What to do in the event of a cephalopelvic disproportion?

Evaluate for potential cesarean delivery.

What describes the role of oxytocin during labor?

It stimulates uterine contractions.

What health status is critical to monitor in the postpartum period?

Maternal mental health.

What is the psychological impact of premature delivery on parents?

Increased anxiety and feelings of loss.

What is the purpose of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth?

Facilitates bonding and regulates the newborn's temperature.

What key measure is taken during a postpartum visit?

Evaluate uterine involution.

What should be included in discharge teaching for new mothers?

Signs of infection and how to care for the newborn.

What should a nurse assess for in a newborn presenting with jaundice?

Bilirubin levels and feeding efficiency.

What are the key aspects of effective communication with patients?

Clarity, empathy, and active listening.

What is essential in patient education about medication?

Explanation of purpose, dosage, and side effects.

What is the standard follow-up for a postpartum patient?

Assess physical and emotional recovery.

What is important for the management of gestational diabetes?

Dietary changes and blood glucose monitoring.