Culture
The way of life of a particular group, defined by material culture (objects produced) and non-material culture (ideas and beliefs).
Roles
Expected patterns of behavior associated with each status held, changing based on the role played in society.
Norms
Specific rules dictating behavior in certain situations, expected based on the role in society.
Values
Beliefs or ideas important to individuals, expressing beliefs about how things should be.
Beliefs
Accepted ideas as true, shaping values and influencing behavior.
Customs
Established cultural practices and behaviors accepted by society.
Ideology
System of beliefs and values constructed around fundamental beliefs to explain something.
Power
Ability to control others, with different types like coercive and consensual power.
Status
Individual ranking based on power held in society or characteristics possessed.
Social Construction of Reality
Perception of reality created through historical and cultural processes, not fixed.
Socialization
Process of learning behavioral rules to become a competent social actor in society.
Nature vs
Debate on the influence of genetic makeup (nature) and socialization (nurture) on behavior.
Primary Agencies of Socialization
Family and peers shaping basic opinions, values, and norms.
Secondary Agencies of Socialization
Education, media, and religion influencing social values and norms.
Structuralist
Analyzes society based on institutional relationships and their impact on individual behaviors.
Interactionist
Focuses on individual behavior and meanings assigned to interactions to understand the world.
Sanctions
Rewards or punishments to enforce conformity to roles, norms, and values in society.
Deviance
Actions or behaviors outside social expectations, leading to labeling individuals as deviants.
Social Identity
Built on social class, gender, ethnicity, and age, impacting experiences in society.
Hybridization
Mixing of ethnic styles leading to new identities, impacting social identity construction.