the total value of all goods and services produced by a country eight times greater that it had been when the civil war ended
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entrepreneurs
people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business in order to manufacture and transport
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laissez-faire
french idea, "let people do as they choose." supporters believe the government shouldn't interfere
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distribution
operating vast complexes of factories, warehouses, offices, and distribution facilities
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corporation
an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it was a single person
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vertical integration
Carnegie began it with the steel industry, owns all of the different businesses on which it depends for operation
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horizontal integration
successful business leaders also pushed forth, combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into 1 large corporation
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monopoly
when a single company achieves control of an entire market. opponents feared these because they believed a company with one could charge whatever it wanted for its products.
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concept
it allows 1 person to manage another person's property
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marxism
the ideas of Karl Marx, the theory of socialism in which a class struggle would exist until the workers were finally victorious creating a classless society
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industrial union
owners of large corporations particularly opposed. it united all craft workers and common laborers all in a particular industry
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closed shop
the AFL pushed for; companies could hire only union members. membership was a condition for being hired and continued employment
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Alexander Graham Bell
a young Scottish-American inventor who suggested the idea of a telephone
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Thomas Alva Edison
the most famous inventor of the late 1800s, worked tirelessly to invent new products to improve devices
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pacific railway act
started in 1862 signed by president Abraham Lincoln; it provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad by 2 corporations
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Andrew Carnegie
a Scottish immigrant who rose from bobbin boy in a textile factory to the owner of a steel company in Pittsburgh. He began vertical integration of the steel industry
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American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers was the leader, their goals were to convince companies to recognize unions and agree to collective bargaining.
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Samuel Gompers
the AFL's first leader, his approach to labor relations helped unions become accepted in American society
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volume
the amount of space that a substance or object occupies or encloses within a container. lower rates because of the volume of goods shipped
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populism
a movement to increase farmers' political power and to work for legislation in their interest
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inflation
a rapid increase in the money supply without an accompanying increase in goods for sale, a decline in the value of money
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deflation
as the economy expanded, there was an increase in the value of money and a decrease in prices. money increased in value and prices began to fall.
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graduated income tax
one that taxed higher earnings more heavily. the platform denounced the government's refusal to the coinage of silver.
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poll tax
a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote. requiring all citizens registering to vote pay one
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prospective
required those voters to be able to read or understand state constitution. expected or expecting to be something particular in the future
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grandfather clause
some states gave whites a special break with it, allowing any man to vote if he had an ancestor who appeared on voting rolls
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segregation
in the south, a separation of the races. laws enforced and perpetuated discrimination.
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Jim Crow laws
the statutes enforcing segregation
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stalwarts
what newspapers called local bosses of Republican political machines
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Pendleton Act
1885 set by congress, set up civil service with appointments of candidates based on examinations
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Interstate Commerce Act
public pressure forced congress to enact creating the interstate commerce commission. the first federal law designed to regulate interstate commerce
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grange
in increasing numbers, they joined the first national farm organization. the Patrons of Husbandry tried to create cooperatives
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people's party
members of the Kansas Alliance formed AKA populists. they nominated candidates to run for congress and state legislature
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William Jennings Bryan
a strong supporter of silver to back the dollar
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Ida B. Wells
fiery young African American woman from Tennessee who launched fearless crusade against lynching in 1892
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W.E.B. DuBois
leader of a new generation of African American activists born after the Civil War
Studied by 103 people
