AP Euro Unit 4

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54 Terms

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Scientific Revolution
a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years
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Copernicus
proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it (Catholic and Polish)
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Kepler
discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits (German)
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Galileo
Italian scientist who formulated the basic law of falling bodies, which he verified by careful measurements (discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter and espoused the Copernican cause)
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Newton
having invented the calculus in the mid to late 1660s (english)
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Paracelsus
pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine (Swiss)
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Vesalius
first physicians to accurately record and illustrate human anatomy
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Harvey
announced a revolutionary theory stating that blood circulates repeatedly throughout the body (English)
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Bacon
devised a method whereby scientists set up experiments to manipulate nature and attempt to prove their hypotheses wrong (English)
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Descartes
he could solve problems in geometry by converting them into problems in algebra (French)
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Scientific Method
an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine (used by Bacon & Newton)
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Royal Society of England
founded in 1660 to bring together leading scientific minds of the day, and became an international network for practical and philosophical investigation of the physical world (an academy)
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Alchemy
a medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of the base metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for disease, and the discovery of a means of indefinitely prolonging life
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Astrology
study of positions of celestial (space) objects
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Cavendish
he made important discoveries concerning hydrogen, carbon dioxide, atmospheric air, and water (English)
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Merian
she is one of the first naturalists to have studied insects (swiss)
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Winkelmann
a star of German astronomy who discovered her own comet
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Telescope
17th century, crucial instrument which contributed to major beliefs of showing that Earth was not the center of the universe, as was previously believed
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Printing press
community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries using this... + this allowed for an easier exchange of ideas and discoveries between scientists of geographical and time constraints
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Renaissance humanists
promoted that humans are at the center of their own universe and should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science
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Aristotle
one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great
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Enlightenment
main idea: the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition
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Philosophes
group of radical thinkers and writers in France in the eighteenth century, including Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau; believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society
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Republic of Letters
long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas
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Age of Reason
1 : the time of life when one begins to be able to distinguish right from wrong. 2 : a period characterized by a prevailing belief in the use of reason especially Age of Reason : the 18th century in England and France
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Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe
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Locke
uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances; first "Liberal" ideologies + TABULA RASA = CLEAN SLATE
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Kant
argued that we can only have knowledge of things we can experience (German)
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Pietism
influential religious reform movement that began among German Lutherans in the 17th century; believed personal faith against the main Lutheran church's perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living
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Voltaire
believed social progress could be achieved through reason and that no authority—religious or political or otherwise—should be immune to challenge by reason (French) (wrote Candide)
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Diderot
believed that the moral improvement of humanity would directly result in the progress of civilization
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Montesquieu
believed the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world (French)
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Rousseau
believed good laws make for good citizens (Swiss)
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Wollstonecraft
women's rights activist who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 (English)
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Paine
(1) independence from England and (2) the creation of a democratic republic (wrote Common Sense)
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Physiocrat
group of people that had a belief that government policy should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws and that land is the source of all wealth (creator François Quesnay)
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Quesnay
among the first to analyse economic growth theory as a function of capital accumulation (French, creator of physiocrats)
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Adam Smith
wrote The Wealth of Nations, believed wealth is created through productive labor, and that self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use
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Salons
were organised gatherings hosted in private homes, usually by prominent women. Individuals who attended often discussed literature or shared their views and opinions on topics from science to politics
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censorship
suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc (IMPORTANT because churches tried to do this against new scientific ideas + monarchs tried to do this to enlightenment ideas; some examples of getting around this were Voltaire's Candide which was listed as satire or as a joke BUT it still majorly critiqued the government, etc.)
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Enlightened despotism
form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment
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Robert Walpole
the first British Prime Minister
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Louis XV
king of France, had expensive wars
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Catherine the Great
establishing educational reform, championing the arts, and extending Russia's borders, enlightened absolutism
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Joseph II
Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 until his death; He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press
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Frederick the Great
known for his military successes in the Silesian wars, his re-organisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment
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Agricultural Revolution
the period in Europe from the mid-17th through the mid 19th centuries; fallow method of farming was eliminated. New inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster.
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Enclosure movement
a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it
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Charles Townshend
British chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the American Revolution
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Rococo art
combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'Ĺ“il frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama
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Neoclassicism art
an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism
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Microscope
helped further development into seeing disease-causing micro-organisms
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Galen
Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance
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absolutism
sovereignty (authority) rests in king who claims divine rights (chosen by god)