A&P Chapter 1

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Terms

Cell

smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

Organelles

small functional units within cells enclosed by membrane

Tissue

group of many similar cells (sometimes of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform major functions

The order of increasing structural units of the human body

Organelles → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system

Metabolism: Catabolic reactions

Break materials down, releases energy and also requires energy

Metabolism: Anabolic reactions

Building reactions, require energy

Growth and three definitions

Increasing in body size
1. Increasing the no of existing cells
2. Increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells
3. Within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells

Requirements for human life

1. Oxygen

2. Nutrients

3. Temperature (37C)

4. Atmospheric pressure (1atm)

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things within the physiological state in a range compatible with life.

Homeostasis: Negative feedback

Reverses a deviation (too much or too little) from the set point

Homeostasis: Positive feedback

Intensifies a change until the set point (endpoint) is reached

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback Loop

Stimulus arrives (the deviation) → Monitors condition + Registers change → processes information + communicates with effector if needed → negates the change to return to set point

Blood Pressure

Pressure exerted by blood onto blood vessels

Risks for High Blood Pressure

Too much strain on vessel (thickening) might led to damage

Risks for Low Blood Pressure

Not enough blood/supplies reaching body tissues

Childbirth Positive feedback loop

It is a endless loop until the baby leaves the mother.
→ Head of baby pushes against cervix →
Nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to the brain →

Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin →

Oxytocin carried in the bloodstream to uterus →

Oxy stimulated uterine contractions and pushes the baby towards the cervix →

Blood Clot Positive Feedback loop

A later enzyme in the clotting cascade either enables o greatly accelerates an earlier step →

Injured blood vessels attract platelets to bind and to release chemicals that attract more platelets blood vessel is sealed

Standard Anatomical Position

Front facing
Palms rotated anteriorly

Legs slightly apart

Supine

Lying while face up

Prone

Lying while face down

Superior

Cranial, closer to the head

Inferior

Caudal, closer to the toes

Anterior

Ventral, towards the face

Posterior

Dorsal, towards the bum

Superficial

Outer

Deep

Inner

Proximal

Close to the trunk of the body

Distal

Away from the trunk of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline

Medial

Toward the midline

Ipsilteral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body

Sagittal/Medial Plane

Seperates the left and right, down the middle

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Seperates the front and back

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Seperates the top and bottom

Oblique Transverse Plane

Seperates top and bottom at an angle

Dorsal Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity + Vertebral Cavity

Ventral body cavity

Thoraic cavity + Abdominopelvic cavity

What are Serous Membranes and Cavities?

Thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. This allows seperate movement of different organs preventing friction and the spread of infections.

Part of a Serous Membranes and Cavities

Parietal Layer
Visceral Layer
Fluid-filled cavity

Serous Membranes and Cavities: Parietal Layer

Member on the outer side, further from the organ

Serous Membranes and Cavities: Visceral Layer

Member on the inner side, on the organ

Type of Serous Membranes and Cavities

Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum

Cavities: Pleura

Around lungs, Pleural Cavity

Cavities: Pericardium

Around the heart/ Pericardial Cavity

Cavities: Peritoneum

Around many organs/ abdominopelvic cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Carnial Cavity; Dorsal Body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Vertebral Cavity/ Dorsal Body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Superior mediastinum Cavity/Thoracic Cavity; Ventral body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Pericardial Cavity/ Thoracic Cavity; Ventral body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to? (Purple)

Pleural Cavity/ Thoracic Cavity; Ventral body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Abdominal Cavity/ Abdominopelvic Cavity; Ventral body Cavity

What is the name of this Cavity? What group of cavities do they belong to?

Pelvic cavity/ Abdominopelvic Cavity; Ventral body cavity

What seperates the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities?

Diaphragm

What is the middle region of the peritoneal cavity?

Umbilical region

What is the top middle region of the peritoneal cavity?

Epigastric region

What is the lower middle region of the peritoneal cavity?

Hypogastric region

What is the upper left region of the peritoneal cavity?

Right Hypochondriac region

What is the upper right region of the peritoneal cavity?

Left Hypochondriac region

What is the middle left region of the peritoneal cavity?

Right lumbar region

What is the middle right region of the peritoneal cavity?

Left lumbar region

What is the lower right region of the peritoneal cavity?

Left iliac region

What is the lower left region of the peritoneal cavity?

Right iliac region

Electromagnetic radiation

Stream of mass-less particles, called photons, traveling in a wave like pattern at the speed of light.

Magnetism

Force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other. Magnestism is caused by the motion of electric charges

Sound Waves

Longitudinal pressure waves in any material medium regardless of whether they constitute audible sound

X-rays

High energy electromagnetic radiation, penetrates solid and ionizing gases stopped by a backboard.
Single Snapshot

CT

Cross section scanner taking 360 x-ray images
Details allow to measure the size of a mass down to a millimeter

MRI

Magnetism and radio waves (no radiation)
Cancer tissue emit differently than normal tissue
MRI with contrast uses a liquid injected visibility of internal organs (Color images)

PET Scan

Most invasive
Uses short-lived ingested radio pharmaceuticals

Physiologic activity detected from emitted radiation
ie. blood flow, heart disease, infections, spread of cancer

Ultrasonography

Least invasive
High frequency sound waves
Image quality operator-dependent
Cannot penetrate bone and gas
Commonly used for pregnancy and gall bladder disease