ICC exam 2

Intercultural acculturation process

the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one

Cultural-ethnic identity typological model

Multiracial identities

discuss identity challenges and family dynamic issues, realizing that they are not alone

Systems-level factors

socioeconomic conditions

local resources

host countries attitudes

Individual-level factors

push + pull motivations

knowledge + preparation

intergenerational communication

ability to communicate

demographic variables

Interpersonal face-to-face and relational network factors

ethnic enclaves or online groups connecting people

Assimilated identity

use social mobility strategies, acculturate linguistically + culturally

Enculturation

sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized their primary heritage values

in your own culture

Intercultural acculturation process

the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one

Acculturation

the long-term incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment

Intergenerational communication

generation-based age differences

Contact network

a combination of personal and social ties in the new culture in which

Affective resources

identity support and relational empathic messages

Instrumental resources

support with task- related goals, practical assistance

Informational resources

sharing knowledge and keeping up with important host country and country-of-origin news

Mass media

plays a critical role during the initial stages of adaptation

Social media

tool in the acculturation process to aid and assist immigrants to remain in contact with family, friends, and relatives in their hometowns.

Social mobility strategy

strategic “passing” and “self- empowering” strategy that individuals use to fit into the dominant group for identity and status upgrades

Social creativity strategy

used to improve their status and group identity by redefining a negative aspect, changing a comparison referent, highlighting specific and positive aspects, or creating a new dimension of comparison

social competition strategy

used to fight for the rights of a group and identity recognition through protest movements

Culture shock

a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one

Third Culture Kids / Global nomads

individuals who have been raised internationally, usually due to a parent’s overseas occupation

Cultural distance

differences in cultural values, language, verbal styles, nonverbal gestures, learning styles, decision-making styles, conflict negotiation styles, as well as differences in religion, political, and economic systems

Psychological adjustment approach

the use of psychological/internal strategies to boost sojourners’ own feelings of well-being and satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions

Positive situational appraisal

changing perceptions and interpretations of the stressful event or situation

Sociocultural adjustment approach

the ability to socially reach out and try to fit in and execute appropriate and effective interactions in a new cultural setting

W-shaped adjustment model

honeymoon stage

individuals are excited about their new cultural environment

frustration/hostility stage

sojourners experience major emotional upheavals

the early returnees, the time servers, the participators

rebounding/humorous stage

sojourners with strong motivation to adapt successfully pull themselves out of the frustration/hostility stage

in-sync adjustment stage

sojourners start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture

ambivalence stage

sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, and pride, with a mixed sense of relief and heartache that they are going home

reentry culture shock stage

sojourners face an unexpected jolt

resocialization stage

resocializers (quietly reassimilate)

alienators (don’t fit back in)

transformers ( active agents of change in their home culture)

Cross-cultural empathy

being able to participate in another person’s experience in your imagination, thinking it intellectually and feeling it emotionally

Positive self-talk

create a more resilient mindset

Describe the attitudes towards migrants in the US and abroad

US, contributions immigrants make to the country, concerns about illegal immigration + impact on job competition and social services

Abroad, in emerging economies positive view towards diversity and immigrants, concerns about economic competition + cultural differences

Who has more positive views of diversity?

emerging economies tend to have positive views of diversity (India, Mexico, and the Philippines) European countries don’t

How can we improve views of diversity?

Education and Awareness

Community Engagement

Positive Media Representation

Policy Interventions

Proportion of immigrants of the US population

immigrants make up 13.8% of the US population

How have immigration patterns changed (e.g., number and regions)

shift towards immigrants from Latin America and Asia. In 2022, about 23% of all US immigrants were born in Mexico

recent rise in immigrants from countries like China and India

According to the PEW (2020) and Ting-Toomey and Chung (2022), generally, more contact is related to more positive opinions of other racial, ethnic and religious groups within a given society.

true

Most immigrants living in the U.S. are unauthorized

false

Language on the Internet

The Internet allows users to develop relationships across the barriers of time, space, geography, and across cultural–ethnic boundaries

Temporal zone dialectics - monotract focus

present-in-the- moment enet’er philosophy means the monotrack enet’er’s prefer to use separate channels or platforms to initiate and complete one task at a time

Temporal zone dialectics - multitract focus

being-in-doing enet’er philosophy means that the multitrack enet’er’s can fuse the “being mode” relationship dimension with the “doing mode” instrumental dimension

Local and global identities

local individual privacy and expression, global belonging and connection

transcends traditional ethnic-cultural boundaries

Pop culture

cultural interdependence on the global economy, e-commerce, mass media, and social network platforms

Enet’er

individuals around the globe, from any age group, who are connected to each other across time and space via the Internet, which influences aspects of their identity.

Morphing

implies individuals who embrace their local values, the function of individual privacy and expression, but who also long for global belonging and connection that transcends traditional ethnic-cultural boundaries (enet’er middle ground)

Fixator

always online, expressing their daily lives via a multitude of social media platforms (full enet’er)

Cultural product

transfer of such a product is likely to have an influence on the recipient’s culture ex. media

Homogenization

the local culture becomes more like the culture of the United States

Heterogenization

aspects of U.S. culture come to exist alongside local culture, causing the culture to become more diverse

Globalization

describes how trade + technology have made the world into a more connected + interdependent place

Glocalization

the adaptation of global products and strategies to local markets and cultures

Cultural imperialism

one culture / nation asserts its power over another, US superpower today

Cultural hegemony

domination or cultural rule maintained through ideological or cultural means

culture / media has powerful influence + can make workers buy into system not beneficial for them

Technology adoption life cycle

Innovators - experimentalists interested in technology

Early adopters - technically sophisticated, use tech for solving professional + acaemic problems

Early majority - 1st part of mainstream, bring tech to common use

Late majority - less comfortable w/ tech + skeptical

laggards - resistant + critical of its use

Cultural diffusion

how many different parts of cultures are adopted by other cultures

McDonaldization

key danger of cultural imperialism, idea that American’s tastes will crowd out local cultures around the globe

efficiency, calculability, predictability to the extreme

Ethics / ethical mindset

a community’s perspective on “what is good and bad in human conduct

Parallel thinking

substituting any problematic global or local news event with ingroups or intimate networks, and cross-checking whether you would still arrive at a similar attribution process or a similar emotional reaction

Cultural empathy

Cultural empathetic understanding - learned ability to understand the self-other identity experiences in different situational contexts through our willingness to listen mindfully, dialogue, and reframe the situation from projecting and imagining how the other really feels

Cultural empathetic responsiveness

O-D-I-S

When entering a new culture, learn and practice (Observation—Description—Interpretation—Suspend ethnocentric judgment)

Ethical decision-making schema

problem recognition, information search, construction of alternatives, decision-making choice, and implementation

Ethical absolutism

emphasizes the principles of right and wrong in accordance with a set of universally fixed (and ethnocentric) standards regardless of cultural differences

Ethical relativism

understanding the importance of the cultural context where the problematic conduct is taking place

Meta-ethics

cultivating an ethical way of thinking and living in our daily lives that transcends any particular ideological position

Moral reality

about distinctive traditions and divergent value orientation issues

Conflict reality

about how different membership factions view the meaning of conflict, the perceived conflict story, and how conflict should be addressed and managed

Justice reality

connotes the development of criteria or standards of what constitutes a just or right solution to all parties involved or in a power-imbalance case, the disenfranchised groups

Derived ethical-universalism position

highlights an integrative, culture-universal and culture-specific ethical framework

Perspective thinking

stepping into the mindset and “heartset” of the other cultural person in viewing the same event

Social justice action

create a more inclusive and equitable world for all disenfranchised groups to have equal access and opportunities to utilize all the societal resources available to them

Moral inclusion

an inclusive moral stance that promotes social justice and others’ well-being based on humanity and on an equal basis regardless of sociocultural membership differences

Moral exclusion

when individuals or groups are perceived as outside the boundary where moral values, rules, and considerations of fairness apply

Dynamic flexibility

expanding our adventurous spirit and risk- taking abilities and moving forward to communicate respectfully, connectively, and ethically with culturally unique others

Colonial ethnocentrism

the rights and privileges of countries or groups who are in a dominant power position and these groups can impose their ethical standards on other non-dominant countries or groups due to their privileged position and resource control power